Chapter 49 The Immune System in Animals

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

is a resistance to or protection against disease-causing pathogens

Question 2

Immunization

Answer 2

the conferring (honouring) of immunity to a particular disease

Question 3

Vaccination

Answer 3

weakened/altered pathogen to prime body’s immune system (so it fights alter infections effectively)

Question 4

Two types of immunity?

Answer 4

Innate and Adaptive

Question 5

Key understanding of the two types of immunity?

Answer 5

recognize that the cells involved provide diff responses to antigens

Question 6

Antigen

Answer 6

any foreign molecule that can initiate an immune system response

Question 7

what functions as an antigen? (examples of antigens)

Answer 7

• most antigens are (proteins or glycoproteins) from bacteria, viruses, or other invaders
• foreign carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids can also function as antigens

Question 8

What does the combination of (innate and adaptive immune responses) provide for animals?

Answer 8

powerful system for protecting individuals against array of parasites

Question 9

most important barrier to pathogen entry?

Answer 9

the skin

Question 10

why is it difficult for pathogens to enter human skin?

Answer 10

The skin:

1) provides a tough physical barrier

2) offers a chemical deterrent
- skin cells secrete oil, the oil is then converted to fatty acids by bacterial cells that live on the surface.
- fatty acids lowers pH (acidic)
- prevents growth of most bacterial species on surface

Question 11

why is it difficult for pathogens to enter bodies of insects and other animals with exoskeletons?

Answer 11

bc they are covered with tough layer called cuticle, along with a layer of wax

Question 12

how are openings in the body protected?

Answer 12

gaps are protected by mucus or other features that discourage pathogen entry

Question 13

how does the airway openings protect pathogens from entering?

Answer 13

(lining of trachea)
most pathogens are trapped in mucus before they can reach the lungs, in addition to the beating cilia sweep pathogens up and out of the airway

Question 14

how does the eyes function to protect pathogens from entering?

Answer 14

Blinking wipes tears across the eye. Tears contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme

Question 15

how does the ear function to protect pathogens from entering?

Answer 15

Hairs and earwax trap pathogens in the passageway of the external ear

Question 16

how does the nose function to protect pathogens from entering?

Answer 16

nasal passages are lines with mucus secretion and hairs (cilia) that traps pathogens

Question 17

how does the digestive tract function to protect from pathogens?

Answer 17

pathogens are trapped in the saliva and mucus, then swallowed. Most are destroyed by the low pH of the stomach