Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Chapter 48 & 49: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 48 & 49: Nervous System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nerve Net

A

A weblike system of neurons, charac- teristic of radially symmetrical animals, such as hydras.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nerves

A

A fiber composed primarily of the bundled axons of PNS neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reflexes

A

An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Central Canal

A

The narrow cavity in the center of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ventricle

A

A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Blood-derived fluid that surrounds, protects against infection, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gray Matter

A

Regions of dendrites and clustered neuron cell bodies within the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

White Matter

A

Tracts of axons within the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Motor System

A

An efferent branch of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system composed of motor neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

An efferent branch of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment; consists of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

One of three divi- sions of the autonomic nervous system; gener- ally enhances body activities that gain and conserve energy, such as digestion and reduced heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enteric Division

A

One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder; normally regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A diffuse network of neurons in the core of the brain- stem that filters information traveling to the cerebral cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biological Clock

A

An internal timekeeper that controls an organism’s biological rhythms. The biological clock marks time with or without environmental cues but often requires signals from the environment to remain tuned to an appropriate period. See also circadian rhythm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A group of neurons in the hypothalamus of mammals that functions as a biological clock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Amygdala

A

A structure in the temporal lobe of the vertebrate brain that has a major role in the processing of emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lateralization

A

Segregation of functions in the cortex of the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

The capacity of a nervous system to change with experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

The ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

The ability to hold, associate, and recall information over one’s lifetime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Long-Term Potential

A

An enhanced responsiveness to an action potential (nerve signal) by a receiving neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A severe mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients have a distorted perception of reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, lack of self-worth, emptiness, or loss of interest in nearly all things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A depressive mental illness characterized by swings of mood from high to low; also called manic-depressive disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

An age-related dementia (mental deterioration) char- acterized by confusion and memory loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

A progressive brain disease characterized by difficulty in initiating move- ments, slowness of movement, and rigidity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The thick band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres in mammals, enabling the hemispheres to process information together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pons

A

A portion of the brain that participates in certain automatic, homeostatic functions, such as regulating the breathing centers in the medulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medulla Oblangata

A

The lowest part of the vertebrate brain, commonly called the medulla; a swelling of the hindbrain anterior to the spinal cord that controls autonomic, homeostatic functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, digestion, and vomiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A diffuse network of neurons in the core of the brain- stem that filters information traveling to the cerebral cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Brainstem

A

A collection of structures in the verte- brate brain, including the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, and
conduction of information to higher brain
centers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the verte- brate hindbrain located dorsally; functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thalamus

A

An integrating center of the vertebrate forebrain. Neurons with cell bodies in the thalamus relay neural input to specific areas in the cerebral cortex and regulate what information goes to the cerebral cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cerebrum

A

The dorsal portion of the vertebrate forebrain, composed of right and left hemispheres; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex fu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The surface of the cerebrum; the largest and most complex part of the mammalian brain, containing nerve cell
bodies of the cerebrum; the part of the verte-
brate brain most changed through evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

The right or left side of the cerebrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are electrical synapses and how are they different from chemical synapses?

A

g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How is Calcium involved in the chemical synapse?

A

g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are ligand-gated ion channels?

A

g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Differentiate between excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potential.

A

g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Explain the principal of summation.

A

g

44
Q

What is the euro-muscular junction?

A

g

45
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters? Explain how the work.

A

g

46
Q

How might pharmaceutical drugs mimic these neurotransmitters?

A

g

47
Q

How does Botox or other neurotoxins affect neurotransmitters?

A

g

48
Q

How do gases such as NO and CO get used by the nervous and endocrine system?

A

g

49
Q

Describe the basic pathway of information flow through neutrons that causes you to turn your head when someone calls your name.

A

g

50
Q

How might increased branching of an axon help coordinate responses to signals communicated by the nervous system?

A

g

51
Q

Consider how communication occurs in a colony of bacteria. In what general ways is that communication similar to and different from transmission of nerve impulse by a neuron?

A

g

52
Q

Under what circumstances could ions flow through ion channels from regions of low ion concentrated to regions of high ion concentration?

A

g

53
Q

Suppose a cell’s membrane potential shifts from -70mv to -50mv. What changes in the cell’s permeability to K+ and Na+ could cause such a shift?

A

g

54
Q

Oubain, a plant substance used in some cultures of poison hunting arrows, disables the Na-K pump. What changes in the resign potential would you expect to see if you treated a neuron with oubain? Explain.

A

g

55
Q

What is Equilibrium potential? How is it calculated?

A

g

56
Q

In multiple sclerosis, myelin sheaths harden and deteriorate. How would this affect nervous system function?

A

g

57
Q

Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium channels to remain inactivated longer after an action potential. How would this affect the frequency at which action potentials could be generated? Explain.

A

g

58
Q

How is it possible for a particular neurotransmitter to produce opposite effects in different tissues?

A

g

59
Q

What is the difference between Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs) and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs)?

A

g

60
Q

Organophosphate pesticides work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Explain how these toxins would affect EPSPs produced by acetyl choline.

A

g

61
Q

What do the neurotransmitters Glutamate and GABA do in the CNS?

A

g

62
Q

If a drug mimicked the activity of GABA in the CNS, what general effect on behaviour might you expect? Explain.

A

g

63
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane.

64
Q

Brain

A

Organ of the central nervous system where information is processed and integrated.

65
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters (functional groups) of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system.

66
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The portion of the nervous system where signal integration occurs; in vertebrate animals, the brain and spinal cord.

67
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system.

68
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

A nerve cell that receives infor- mation from the internal or external environ- ment and transmits signals to the central nervous system.

69
Q

Interneurons

A

An association neuron; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with sensory and/or motor neurons and integrates sensory input and motor output.

70
Q

Motor Neurons

A

A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.

71
Q

Cell Body

A

The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.

72
Q

Dendrite

A

One of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

73
Q

Axon

A

A typically long extension, or process, of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.

74
Q

Synapse

A

The junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a nar- row gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical coupling.

75
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response.

76
Q

Glia Cells (Glia)

A

Cells of the nervous system that support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons.

77
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell’s plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.

78
Q

Resting Potential

A

The membrane potential char- acteristic of a nonconducting excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside.

79
Q

Ion Channel

A

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.

80
Q

Equilibrium Potential (Eion)

A

The magnitude of a cell’s membrane voltage at equilibrium;

calculated using the Nernst equation.

81
Q

Gated Ion Channels

A

A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or closing of such channels may alter a cell’s membrane potential.

82
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A change in a cell’s membrane potential such that the inside of the membrane becomes more negative relative to the outside. Hyperpolarization reduces the chance
that a neuron will transmit a nerve impulse.

83
Q

Depolarization

A

A change in a cell’s membrane potential such that the inside of the mem- brane is made less negative relative to the outside. For example, a neuron membrane is depolarized if a stimulus decreases its voltage from the resting potential of 􏰅70 mV in the direction of zero voltage.

84
Q

Graded Potential

A

In a neuron, a shift in the membrane potential that has an amplitude proportional to signal strength and that decays as it spreads.

85
Q

Action Potential

A

An electrical signal that propa- gates (travels) along the membrane of a neuron or other excitable cell as a nongraded (all-or- none) depolarization.

86
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

A

A specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.

87
Q

Threshold

A

The potential that an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated.

88
Q

Refractory Period

A

The short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels.

89
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Wrapped around the axon of a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membranes from Schwann cells or oligoden- drocytes. It is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, where action potentials are generated.

90
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

91
Q

Schwann Cells

A

A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

92
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gap in the myelin sheath of certain axons where an action poten- tial may be generated. In saltatory conduction, an action potential is regenerated at each node, appearing to “jump” along the axon from node to node.

93
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.

94
Q

Ligan-Gated Ion Channels

A

A transmembrane
protein containing a pore that opens or closes as it changes shape in response to a signaling
molecule (ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions; also called an ionotropic receptor.

95
Q

Temporal Summation

A

A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell in a chemical synapse is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced in rapid succession.

96
Q

Spatial Summation

A

A phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the combined effect of EPSPs or IPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses.

97
Q

Acetylcholine

A

One of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the perme- ability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane.

98
Q

Glutamate

A

An amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

99
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

An amino acid that functions as a CNS neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates.

100
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

A neurotransmitter derived from an amino acid.

101
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A catecholamine that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine and acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline.

102
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that is a catecholamine, like epinephrine and norepinephrine.

103
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter, synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, that functions in the central nervous system.
set point In homeostasis in animals, a value

104
Q

Neuropeptide

A

A relatively short chain of amino acids that serves as a neurotransmitter.

105
Q

Endorphin

A

Any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibit pain perception.

106
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

An electrical change (usually hyperpolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a post-synaptic receptor; makes it more difficult for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.

107
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic cell to generate an action potential.

AP Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions