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MLS 305 > Chapter 47 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

One of the alternative versions of a gene at a given location (locus) along a chromosome

A

allele

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2
Q

A nonsex chromosome

A

autosome

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3
Q

A purine and a pyrimidine nucleotide bound by hydrogen bonds

A

base pair

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4
Q

A primary constriction in a chromosome

Plays an important role in directing the movement of chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division

A

centromere

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5
Q

Nuclear DNA and its associated structural proteins

A

chromatin

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6
Q

A highly-ordered structure of a single double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule, compacted many times with the aid of structural DNA-binding proteins

A

chromosome

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7
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence that “codes” for an amino acid during translation

A

codon

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8
Q

A molecule that carries genetic information and is a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences

Some of these are involved in the regulation of DNA transcription

A

DNA-binding proteins

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10
Q

The addition of a methyl group typically to the 5th carbon position of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides

This epigenetic process is implicated in growth and development of organisms

A

DNA methylation

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11
Q

Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to a specific nucleotide in a DNA molecule, with different enzymes acting on specific nucleotides and positions of methylation

A

DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)

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12
Q

Processes that alter gene function or its interpretation by mechanisms other than those that rely on changes in DNA sequences

A

epigenetics

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13
Q

Genomic regions that are rich in genes and are, in general, less compactly organized during interphase

A

euchromatin

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14
Q

Organisms such as higher plants and animals, fungi, protozoa, and most algae

They have a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane within which lie the chromosomes

A

eukaryote

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15
Q

The coding region of a gene that will be expressed as protein following translation

A

exon

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16
Q

A nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) begining at one end of a nucleic acid

Its activity excises incorrectly paired nucleotides during replication

A

exonuclease

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17
Q

A unit of DNA that specifies production of proteins and RNA molecules required for cellular function

A

gene

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18
Q

The complete list of nucleotide codons and the amino acids or actions they “code” for

A

genetic code

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19
Q

The process responsible for the flow of genetic information from gene to protein

A

gene expression

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20
Q

The complete set of chromosomes

The total complement of hereditary information

A

genome

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21
Q

The primary nucleotide sequences of the two gene alleles

A

genotype

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22
Q

Genomic regions that are gene poor or span transcriptionally silent genes and are more densely packed during interphase

A

heterochromatin

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23
Q

A class of structural proteins involved in the three-dimensional organization of nuclear DNA

A

histones

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24
Q

A project undertaken by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium to decipher the three billion base pairs in the human genome

A

Human Genome Project

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25
The period between cell divisions
interphase
26
A noncoding region of a gene, locked between exons, that will not be translated into protein
intron
27
Nonrandom associations of alleles at different loci The rate reflects rates of recombination and is used as a measure of distance between the loci
linkage disequilibrium
28
The circular DNA within a mitochondrial organelle that codes for polypeptides involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway
mitochondrial DNA
29
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units
nucleases
30
A polymer made of nucleotide monomers (a sugar moiety, a phosphoric acid, and purine or pyrimidine bases)
nucleic acid
31
A unit of chromatin consisting of nucleosome core particles (146 base pairs of ds-DNA) wound around a core of 8 histone proteins
nucleosome
32
A unit of DNA or RNA, consisting of one chemical base (purine or pyrimidine) plus a sugar molecule (deoxyribose or ribose) and at least one phosphate group
nucleotide
33
A relatively short fragment of DNA (with no RNA primer at the 5' terminus) created on the lagging strand of DNA during DNA synthesis
Okazaki fragment
34
The observable characteristics of an organism, including visible features (eye color, height) and chemical and behavioral characteristics Reflects interaction of genes and environment
phenotype
35
Enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription
polymerase
36
Reads a parent DNA template and attaches nucleotides to a growing daughter strand according to the base-pairing rules of ds-DNA
DNA polymerase epsilon
37
Binds to a promoter region of a DNA strand to initiate transcription
RNA polymerase II
38
An in vitro method for exponentially amplifying DNA
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
39
Organisms (such as bacteria) that are characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes
prokaryote
40
A regulatory region of DNA that serves to bind RNA polymerase II that in turn binds other substances that will lead to initiation of transcription
promoter
41
A base containing 2 carbon-nitrogen rings
purine
42
A base containing 1 carbon-nitrogen ring
pyrimidine
43
The process of exchange of genes or segments of DNA between chromosomes
recombination
44
The faithful reproduction of the DNA content from parent to daughter cells during cell division
replication
45
A biological substance similar to DNA with the exceptions of being single-stranded, containing ribose as the sugar moiety, having an extra hydroxyl group, and containing uracil instead of thymine
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
46
A large molecular structure comprised of ribosomal RNA and protein that is found in the cytoplasm of cells that serves as the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
47
A large ribonucleoprotein complex, composed of various small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) as well as other protein factors It attaches to specific sites on pre-mRNA and catalyzes splicing out of their introns in the formation of mature mRNA
spliceosome
48
The DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome They contain repetitive nucleotide sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from recombination with other chromosomes
telomere
49
The process of transferring sequence information from the gene regions of DNA to a messenger RNA molecule
transcription
50
The process whereby an mRNA sequence forms an amino acid sequence with the help of tRNA and eventual enzymatic peptide bond formation between amino acids to synthesize polypeptides Occurs on cytoplasmic ribosomes
translation
51
An individual inherits 2 ___ for each gene, one from each parent. ___ may demonstrate sequence variations that determine variations in the functional characteristics of a gene product (ex: translated protein)
alleles
52
There are 22 pairs of ___ in the human genome
autosomes
53
What are the DNA base pairs?
A = T and G = C
54
What are the RNA base pairs?
A = U and G = C
55
A unit of measure that refers to the distance between 2 gene loci determined by the frequency with which recombination occurs between them
CentiMorgan (cM)
56
There are 64 possible ___ in nuclear DNA
codons
57
These processes include: - DNA methylation - Genomic imprinting - Histone modification - Chromatin remodeling
epigenetics
58
The human genome contains 2 copies, termed ___, of each autosomal gene. 1/2 of the genome is inherited from each parent and is termed the ___. The complete genome inherited from both parents is termed the ___.
- alleles - haploid genome - diploid genome
59
Short non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules around 22 nucleotides in length that play a role in regulation of gene expression by interfering with effective translation of mRNA to proteins
microRNA (miRNA)
60
This DNA is typically transmitted across generations by maternal inheritance
mitochondrial DNA
61
Name the purines
- adenine | - guanine
62
Name the pyrimidines
- cytosine - thymine - uracil
63
___ produces gametes with chromosomes that are different from the parent's
recombination
64
Proteins of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)
Argonaute proteins
65
The complex responsible for the gene silencing process known as RNA interference (RNAi)
RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)
66
A Class 2 RNase III enzyme responsible for processing of microRNA (miRNA)
Drosha
67
The presence of more than one population of mitochondrial DNA sequences in a cell consequent to the accumulation of sequence variations
heteroplasmy
68
The presence of a homogeneous population of mitochondrial genomes in a cell
homoplasmy
69
A neuropathy transmitted from mother to children that is characterized by a degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons Leads to a loss of central vision
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
70
RGC
retinal ganglion cell | nerve cell
71
A subtype of microarray that functions by hybridizing labeled DNA or RNA target molecules to probes fixed onto a solid surface
tiling arrays
72
RISC
RNA-induced silencing complex
73
RNAi
RNA interference
74
cM
CentiMorgan
75
ds-DNA
double-stranded DNA
76
DNMT
DNA methyltransferase
77
miRNA
microRNA
78
LHON
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
79
ncRNA
non-coding RNA
80
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
81
snRNP
small nuclear ribonuclearprotein

MLS 305 (2 decks)

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