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MLS 305 > Chapter 47 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

One of the alternative versions of a gene at a given location (locus) along a chromosome

A

allele

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2
Q

A nonsex chromosome

A

autosome

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3
Q

A purine and a pyrimidine nucleotide bound by hydrogen bonds

A

base pair

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4
Q

A primary constriction in a chromosome

Plays an important role in directing the movement of chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division

A

centromere

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5
Q

Nuclear DNA and its associated structural proteins

A

chromatin

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6
Q

A highly-ordered structure of a single double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule, compacted many times with the aid of structural DNA-binding proteins

A

chromosome

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7
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence that “codes” for an amino acid during translation

A

codon

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8
Q

A molecule that carries genetic information and is a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences

Some of these are involved in the regulation of DNA transcription

A

DNA-binding proteins

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10
Q

The addition of a methyl group typically to the 5th carbon position of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides

This epigenetic process is implicated in growth and development of organisms

A

DNA methylation

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11
Q

Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to a specific nucleotide in a DNA molecule, with different enzymes acting on specific nucleotides and positions of methylation

A

DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)

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12
Q

Processes that alter gene function or its interpretation by mechanisms other than those that rely on changes in DNA sequences

A

epigenetics

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13
Q

Genomic regions that are rich in genes and are, in general, less compactly organized during interphase

A

euchromatin

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14
Q

Organisms such as higher plants and animals, fungi, protozoa, and most algae

They have a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane within which lie the chromosomes

A

eukaryote

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15
Q

The coding region of a gene that will be expressed as protein following translation

A

exon

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16
Q

A nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) begining at one end of a nucleic acid

Its activity excises incorrectly paired nucleotides during replication

A

exonuclease

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17
Q

A unit of DNA that specifies production of proteins and RNA molecules required for cellular function

A

gene

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18
Q

The complete list of nucleotide codons and the amino acids or actions they “code” for

A

genetic code

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19
Q

The process responsible for the flow of genetic information from gene to protein

A

gene expression

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20
Q

The complete set of chromosomes

The total complement of hereditary information

A

genome

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21
Q

The primary nucleotide sequences of the two gene alleles

A

genotype

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22
Q

Genomic regions that are gene poor or span transcriptionally silent genes and are more densely packed during interphase

A

heterochromatin

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23
Q

A class of structural proteins involved in the three-dimensional organization of nuclear DNA

A

histones

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24
Q

A project undertaken by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium to decipher the three billion base pairs in the human genome

A

Human Genome Project

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25
Q

The period between cell divisions

A

interphase

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26
Q

A noncoding region of a gene, locked between exons, that will not be translated into protein

A

intron

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27
Q

Nonrandom associations of alleles at different loci

The rate reflects rates of recombination and is used as a measure of distance between the loci

A

linkage disequilibrium

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28
Q

The circular DNA within a mitochondrial organelle that codes for polypeptides involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway

A

mitochondrial DNA

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29
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units

A

nucleases

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30
Q

A polymer made of nucleotide monomers (a sugar moiety, a phosphoric acid, and purine or pyrimidine bases)

A

nucleic acid

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31
Q

A unit of chromatin consisting of nucleosome core particles (146 base pairs of ds-DNA) wound around a core of 8 histone proteins

A

nucleosome

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32
Q

A unit of DNA or RNA, consisting of one chemical base (purine or pyrimidine) plus a sugar molecule (deoxyribose or ribose) and at least one phosphate group

A

nucleotide

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33
Q

A relatively short fragment of DNA (with no RNA primer at the 5’ terminus) created on the lagging strand of DNA during DNA synthesis

A

Okazaki fragment

34
Q

The observable characteristics of an organism, including visible features (eye color, height) and chemical and behavioral characteristics

Reflects interaction of genes and environment

A

phenotype

35
Q

Enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription

A

polymerase

36
Q

Reads a parent DNA template and attaches nucleotides to a growing daughter strand according to the base-pairing rules of ds-DNA

A

DNA polymerase epsilon

37
Q

Binds to a promoter region of a DNA strand to initiate transcription

A

RNA polymerase II

38
Q

An in vitro method for exponentially amplifying DNA

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

39
Q

Organisms (such as bacteria) that are characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes

A

prokaryote

40
Q

A regulatory region of DNA that serves to bind RNA polymerase II that in turn binds other substances that will lead to initiation of transcription

A

promoter

41
Q

A base containing 2 carbon-nitrogen rings

A

purine

42
Q

A base containing 1 carbon-nitrogen ring

A

pyrimidine

43
Q

The process of exchange of genes or segments of DNA between chromosomes

A

recombination

44
Q

The faithful reproduction of the DNA content from parent to daughter cells during cell division

A

replication

45
Q

A biological substance similar to DNA with the exceptions of being single-stranded, containing ribose as the sugar moiety, having an extra hydroxyl group, and containing uracil instead of thymine

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

46
Q

A large molecular structure comprised of ribosomal RNA and protein that is found in the cytoplasm of cells that serves as the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

47
Q

A large ribonucleoprotein complex, composed of various small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) as well as other protein factors

It attaches to specific sites on pre-mRNA and catalyzes splicing out of their introns in the formation of mature mRNA

A

spliceosome

48
Q

The DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome

They contain repetitive nucleotide sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from recombination with other chromosomes

A

telomere

49
Q

The process of transferring sequence information from the gene regions of DNA to a messenger RNA molecule

A

transcription

50
Q

The process whereby an mRNA sequence forms an amino acid sequence with the help of tRNA and eventual enzymatic peptide bond formation between amino acids to synthesize polypeptides

Occurs on cytoplasmic ribosomes

A

translation

51
Q

An individual inherits 2 ___ for each gene, one from each parent.

___ may demonstrate sequence variations that determine variations in the functional characteristics of a gene product (ex: translated protein)

A

alleles

52
Q

There are 22 pairs of ___ in the human genome

A

autosomes

53
Q

What are the DNA base pairs?

A

A = T

and

G = C

54
Q

What are the RNA base pairs?

A

A = U

and

G = C

55
Q

A unit of measure that refers to the distance between 2 gene loci determined by the frequency with which recombination occurs between them

A

CentiMorgan (cM)

56
Q

There are 64 possible ___ in nuclear DNA

A

codons

57
Q

These processes include:

  • DNA methylation
  • Genomic imprinting
  • Histone modification
  • Chromatin remodeling
A

epigenetics

58
Q

The human genome contains 2 copies, termed ___, of each autosomal gene.

1/2 of the genome is inherited from each parent and is termed the ___.

The complete genome inherited from both parents is termed the ___.

A
  • alleles
  • haploid genome
  • diploid genome
59
Q

Short non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules around 22 nucleotides in length that play a role in regulation of gene expression by interfering with effective translation of mRNA to proteins

A

microRNA (miRNA)

60
Q

This DNA is typically transmitted across generations by maternal inheritance

A

mitochondrial DNA

61
Q

Name the purines

A
  • adenine

- guanine

62
Q

Name the pyrimidines

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine
  • uracil
63
Q

___ produces gametes with chromosomes that are different from the parent’s

A

recombination

64
Q

Proteins of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

A

Argonaute proteins

65
Q

The complex responsible for the gene silencing process known as RNA interference (RNAi)

A

RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

66
Q

A Class 2 RNase III enzyme responsible for processing of microRNA (miRNA)

A

Drosha

67
Q

The presence of more than one population of mitochondrial DNA sequences in a cell consequent to the accumulation of sequence variations

A

heteroplasmy

68
Q

The presence of a homogeneous population of mitochondrial genomes in a cell

A

homoplasmy

69
Q

A neuropathy transmitted from mother to children that is characterized by a degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons

Leads to a loss of central vision

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

70
Q

RGC

A

retinal ganglion cell

nerve cell

71
Q

A subtype of microarray that functions by hybridizing labeled DNA or RNA target molecules to probes fixed onto a solid surface

A

tiling arrays

72
Q

RISC

A

RNA-induced silencing complex

73
Q

RNAi

A

RNA interference

74
Q

cM

A

CentiMorgan

75
Q

ds-DNA

A

double-stranded DNA

76
Q

DNMT

A

DNA methyltransferase

77
Q

miRNA

A

microRNA

78
Q

LHON

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

79
Q

ncRNA

A

non-coding RNA

80
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

81
Q

snRNP

A

small nuclear ribonuclearprotein

MLS 305 (2 decks)

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