Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysio week 9 > Chapter 46 disorders of hepatobiliary and exocrine pancreas function > Flashcards

Chapter 46 disorders of hepatobiliary and exocrine pancreas function Flashcards

1
Q

the lobular structure of the liver

A
  • largest visceral organ in the body
  • liver is located below the diaphragm
  • divided into two large lobes and two smaller lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Liver blood flow and accessory organs

A

+Liver
-hepatic portal vein: drains the blood of digestive tract and major abdominal organs
-hepatic veins within the liver are: valveless vein that empty into the inferior vena cava
- hepatic artery feeds blood to the liver itself
+Gallbladder
+endocrine pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functions of the liver and pancreas

A

+liver and pancreas= Produce digestive secretions
+liver:
- synthesizes glucose, plasma proteins, and blood clotting factors
-Cars, proteins and fat metabolism
-is responsible for the degradation and elimination of drugs and hormones
+endocrine pancreas
-supplies the insulin and glucagon needed in the cell metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Funtions of the liver

A
  • production of bile salts
  • eliminations of bilirubin
  • metabolism of steroid hormones
  • metabolism of drugs
  • cars,fat,protein metabolism
  • storage of minerals and vitamins
  • filtration of blood and removal of bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cause of jaundice

A
  • excessive destruction of red blood cells “hemolytic jaundice”
  • impaired uptake of bilirubin by the liver cells i.e alcoholic damage
  • decreased conjugation of bilirubin i.e. infants
  • obstruction of bile flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Categories of jaundice (P.I.P)

A

+prehepatic
-major cause is excessive hemolysis of red blood cells
-unconjugated bilirubin
+intrahepatic
-caused by disorders that directly affect the ability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood or conjugate it so it can be eliminated in the bile
-conjugates bilirubin
+posthepatic
-occurs when bile flow is obstructed between the liver and the intestine
- cnojugates bilirubin is unable to be secreted in the bowel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

liver bile

A
  • the liver produces approximately 500-600 mL of yellow-green bile daily
  • cholestasis represents a decrease in bile flow through the intrahepatic canalculi and a reduction in secretion of water, bilirubin, and bile acids by the hepatocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

assessments of liver function

A
  • serum aminotransferase levels: assess injury to lover cells
  • serum bilirubin, GGT, and alkaline phosphatase: measure hepatic excretory function
  • ultrasonogrpahy, CT scans, and MRI: evaluate liver structures
  • angiography: visualizes the hepatic or portal circulation
  • liver biopsy: used to obtain tissue specimen for microscopic examiniation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pathologic conditions affecting the hepatobiliary system

A
  • injury from drugs and toxins
  • infection, inflammation, and immune response
  • metabolic disorders
  • neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

host factors contributing to susceptibility to drug-induced liver disease

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • age difference
  • underlying chronic liver disease
  • diet and alcohol consumption
  • the use of multiple interacting drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

drug-induced liver diseases

A
  • direct hepatotoxic injury
  • idiosyncratic reaction
  • cholestatic reactions
  • chronic hepatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of hepatitis

A
  • autoimmune disorders
  • reactions to drugs and toxins
  • infectious disorders
    • Malaria, infectious mononucleosis, salmonellosis, and amebiasis
  • hepatotropic viruses that primarily affect liver ells or heptocytes
    • direct cellular injury and induction of immune responses against the viral antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

known hepatotropic viruses

A

-hepatitis A virus (HAV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
hepatitis B-associated delta virus (HDV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
hepatitis E virus (HEV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Varying factors of hepatototropic viruses

A
  • mode of transmission and incubation period
  • mechanism, degree, and chronicity of liver damamge
  • ability to evolve to a carrier state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mechanisms of liver injury in viral hepatits

A
  • direct cellular injury

- induction immune responses against the viral antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alcohol-induced liver disease

A
  • fatty liver disease (nach)
  • alcoholic hepatits
  • cirrhosis
17
Q

causes of intrahepatic biliary disease

A
  • primary biliary cirrhosis
  • primary sclerosing cholangtis
  • secondary biliary cirrhosis
18
Q

Symptoms of intrahepatic biliary disease

A 
\+early symptoms
  -unexplained, pruritus or itching, weight loss, fatigue
\+later symptoms
  -dark urine and pale stools
  -jaundice
19
Q

cirrhosis

A
  • fibrosis replacemnet of hepatic tissue

- loss of liver function

20
Q

manifestations of cirrhosis

A

-weight loss, weakness, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation, hepatomegaly, jaundice, abdominal pain

+portal hypertension
-ascites, esophageal varices, splenomegaly

21
Q

Manifestaion of liver failure

A
  • hematologic disorders, endocrine disorders, skin disorders, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy
22
Q

portal hypertension

A

+ascites
+esophageal varices
+splenomegaly

23
Q

treatment of liver failure

A
  • eliminating alcohol intake when the condition is caused by alcoholic cirrhosis
  • preventing infections
  • providing sufficient carbohydrates and calories to prevent protein breakdown
  • correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances
  • decreasing ammonia prod, in the GI tract by controlling protein intake
  • liver transplantation
24
Q

types of primary liver cancer

A
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma: arises from the liver cells

- Cholangiocarcinoma: a primary cancer of bile duct cells

25
Q

Gallbladder

A

+def: a distensible, pear-shaped, mascular sac located on the ventral surface of the liver
+layers:
-outer serous peritoneal layer
- middle smooth muscle layer
-inner mucosal layer that is continuous with the lining of the bile duct
+ function: store and concentrate bile

26
Q

component of the hepatobiliary system

A

+gallbladder
+left and right hepatic ducts
- come together to form common hepatic duct
+the cystic duct
- extends to the gall bladder
+the common bile duct
- formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct

27
Q

gallbladder and formation of gallstone

A

+entrance of food into the intestine causes the gallbladder to contract and the sphincter of the bile duct to relax, such that bile stored in gallbladder moves into the duodenum
+two primary factors contribute to the formation of gallstones: abnormalities in the composition of bile (particularly increase cholesterol) and the stasis of bile.
+the formation of cholesterol stones is associated with obesity

28
Q

common disorders of the biliary system

A
  • cholelithiasis (gallstones)
  • inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis)
  • inflammation of the common bile duct (cholangitis)
29
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A
  • contains enzymes that break down dietary proteins
  • secretions include pancreatic amylase
    • amylase breaks down starch, and lipases, which hydrolyzes neutral fats into glycerol and fatty acids
  • the pancreatic enzymes are secreted in the inactive form and become activated in the intestine
30
Q

common causes of acute pancreatitis

A
  • gallstones
  • alcohol abuse
  • hyperlidiemia
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • infections (particularly viral)
  • abdominal and surgical trauma
  • drugs such as steroid and thiazide diuretics
31
Q

causes of pancreatic cancer

A

-the cause: unknown
-smoking appears to be a major risk factor
-the second most important factors appears to be diet
+increasing total calorie intake
+ high intake of fat, meat, salt, dehydrated foods, fried foods, refined sugars, soy beans, and nitrosamines

pathophysio week 9 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions