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Biology Unit 5 > Chapter 45 - Population & Community Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 45 - Population & Community Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Population?

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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2
Q

What is studied in Population Ecology?

A

Abiotic and biotic factors that influence population size, density, and age structure

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3
Q

What are the main characteristics used in population ecology?

A

Population size & density
* N = total number of individuals
* Dp = # of individuals within a specific area

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4
Q

________ populations are typically more stable than ________ populations. Why?

A

Larger; smaller
* Increases genetic diversity
* Increased reproduction potential

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5
Q

Name a Population Ecology research method and its 2 types

A

Sampling - a representative portion of the population
* Quadrat - used for immobile organisms (like plants)
* Mark & Recapture - used for mobile organisms (animals)

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6
Q

What are the 3 dispersion patterns that can be found throughout a habitat?

A
  • Uniform - equally spaced
  • Random - no pattern
  • Clumped - clustered in groups
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7
Q

What is Demography?

A

a statistical study of population changes over time, including birth rate, death rate, and life expectancy

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8
Q

________ populations have ________ birth rate and ________ death rate

A

Large; higher; higher

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9
Q

________ density populations may have ________ birth rate and ________ death rate

A

Higher; higher; higher

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10
Q

What ratio of population affects birth rate?

A

Sex ratio

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11
Q

Demography helps to predict what?

A

predict whether a population will grow or decline over time

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12
Q

What are Survivorship Curves?

A

number of individuals surviving at each age interval vs. time

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13
Q

What is a Survivorship Type I Curve?

A
  • low death rate in early & middle years
  • higher death rate in older individuals
  • found in species that produce a low number of offspring/parent and provide high amount of parental care
  • Elephants, Apes, etc.
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14
Q

What is a Survivorship Type II Curve?

A
  • Consistent mortality over entire life
  • Found in species that produce few offspring/parent and provide significant but brief amount of parental care
  • Birds, rodents, etc.
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15
Q

What is a Survivorship Type III Curve?

A
  • Very high death rate in early life
  • Death rate declines as individuals age
  • Found in species that produce many offspring/parent and provide little or no parental care
  • Plants, fish, insects, etc.
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16
Q

What are Life Histories?

A

the collection of traits that affect the timing of reproduction and survival (i.e. genetically determined traits that are the product of natural selection)

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17
Q

Define Fecundity

A

potential reproductive capacity of an individual

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18
Q

Fecundity is ________ related to amount of parental care

A

Inversely
* Increased parental care → fewer offspring produced and at an older age
* Decreased parental care → more offspring produced and at a younger age

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19
Q

Fecundity is based on ________

A

energy budgeting

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20
Q

Describe the Early Reproduction energy trade-off strategy

A
  • Individual reproduces at an early age
  • Produces more offspring but at the expense of self growth and maintenance
  • Often don’t live very long
21
Q

Describe the Late Reproduction energy trade-off strategy

A
  • Individual reproduces later in life
  • Produces fewer offspring
  • Provides greater parental care
  • Individual may not live long enough to reproduce
22
Q

Semelparity

A
  • Individuals reproduce only once in their lifetime
  • Use of most energy budget
  • Produce many offspring, little or no parental care
  • Low survivorship of offspring
23
Q

Iteroparity

A
  • Individuals reproduce repeatedly during their lifetime
  • Budget energy for maintenance of life
  • Produce few offspring, provide parental care
  • High survivorship of offspring
24
Q

Exponential Growth Population Model

A
  • unlimited resources
  • J-shaped curve
25
Q

Logistical Growth Population Model

A
  • limited resources
  • growth slows as population reaches environmental carrying capacity (K)
  • S-shaped curve
  • NOT realistic
26
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

the limit on population size of the environment because of limited resources

27
Q

What regulates Carrying Capacity?

A
  • Density-Dependent factors (K-selection)
  • Density-Independent factors (r-selection)
28
Q

Density-Dependent factors (K-selection)

A
  • Biotic factors: predation, competition, disease
  • Greater density → Greater mortality
  • exist close to carrying capacity
  • intraspecific competition is high
  • Few, large offspring with long-term parental care
29
Q

Density-Independent factors (r-selection)

A
  • fluctuate below carrying capacity
  • changing/unpredictable environments
  • Greater density → doesn’t necessarily mean greater mortality
  • Many, small offspring with little or no parental care
30
Q

Define a community

A

includes all populations (species) living in the same area ata the same time

31
Q

Species diversity (D) = ?

A

number of species occupying the same habitat and their relative abundance

32
Q

What do Community Ecologists study?

A

the interactions between those different species/populations and whether they harm, help, or have no effect on the species involved

33
Q

Predation

A
  • Predator eats prey
  • Natural selection selects for traits in predators to be better hunters and selects for traits in prey to avoid being killed
  • Predatory and Prey populations are not constant, they cycle
  • Density-dependence can play a role
34
Q

What are the 4 different defense adaptations prey animals can have to escape predation?

A
  • Mechanical - turtle hard shell, porcupine quills, color mimicry
  • Chemical - toxins or irritants (skunk, monarch butterflies)
  • Physical - coloration
  • Behavioral - mimicry (walking sticks, chameleons)
35
Q

Name the 2 different types of Coloration

A
  • Aposematic - bright coloration to warn predators of chemical defense
  • Cryptic - blend in/camouflage with their environment
36
Q

Name the 2 types of Mimicry

A
  • Batesian - harmLESS species look like harmFUL species
  • Mullerian - multiple species that have same coloration because they have the same defense
37
Q

Herbivory

A
  • Herbivore eats plants
  • Herbivore and plant populations cycle
  • Plants develop defenses to herbivores
38
Q

What are the 2 types of defenses plants can have to avoid being eaten by herbivores?

A
  • Mechanical - thorns
  • Chemical - toxins
39
Q

What is Competitive Exclusion

A

two or more species cannot occupy the same niche at the same time

40
Q

What is Resource Partitioning?

A

Differentiation allows two or more species to co-exist (i.e. feeds at different time of day or lives in different part of habitat)

41
Q

Identify the 3 types of symbiotic relationships

A
  • Commensalism - one benefits, other is unharmed
  • Mutualism - both benefit
  • Parasitism - one benefits, other is harmed
42
Q

What 2 things make up Community Structure

A
  • Species Richness - number of different species in an area
  • Species Evenness - relative abundance of each species in an area
43
Q

________ communities are better able to deal with stresses

A

Diverse

44
Q

What are keystone species?

A

a species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity in an ecosystem

45
Q

What are invasive species?

A

a non-native species that threatens the balance of the ecosystem they are introduced to

46
Q

What are Community Dynamics?

A

changes in community structure and composition over time; induced by disturbances

47
Q

What are the 3 different types of community dynamics?

A
  • Ecological Succession - sequential appearance/disappearance of species in a community over time
  • Primary Succession - new land is formed or exposed
  • Secondary Succession - can create Intermediate species
48
Q

What is Climax Community?

A

when equilibrium is reached and the community is stable until next disturbance

49
Q
A

Biology Unit 5 (4 decks)

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