Chapter 45

Question 1

The osteocytes and matrix are precise, density structured arrangements called osteons

Answer 1

Compact bone

Question 2

The arrangement of cells and matrix is irregular and sparse, resembling a sponge

Answer 2

Spongy bone

Question 3

Covers all outer bone surfaces except at the joints, where cartilage covers the ends of the bone. Provides protection, is involved in bone growth and repair (producing osteoblast) and participates in the blood supply of bone.

Answer 3

Periosteum (connective tissue)

Question 4

Produce bone matrix during growth and replace matrix during normal remodeling or in repair of fractures

Answer 4

Osteoblasts

Question 5

Resorb bone matrix when more calcium is needed in the blood during repair when excess bone must be removed as bone changes shape

Answer 5

Osteoclasts

Question 6

Essential for the efficient absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine.

Answer 6

Vitamin D

Question 7

Requires for the production process of bone matrix

Answer 7

Vitamin A and C

Question 8

Increases mitosis and protein synthesis.

Answer 8

Growth Hormone

Question 9

Where will you find the growth hormone?

Answer 9

Pituitary gland

Question 10

Stimulates osteoblasts and increases energy production

Answer 10

Thyroxine

Question 11

Where is thyroxin found?

Answer 11

Thyroid gland

Question 12

Essential for the efficient use of glucose to provide energy

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

Where is insulin produced?

Answer 13

Pancreas

Question 14

Secreted by the parathyroid glands, increases the removal of calcium and phosphate from bones

Answer 14

Parathyroid hormone

Question 15

From the thyroid gland promotes the retention of calcium in bones

Answer 15

Calcitonin hormone

Question 16

____ are flat or irregular bones and contain red bone marrow.

Answer 16

Axial bone

Question 17

Limbs consist of long bones (except the carpals, tarsals, and patella)

Answer 17

Appendicular skeleton

Question 18

Contains eight cranial bones. Also has three auditory bones found in each middle ear cavity. All the joints between the cranial bones and between most of the facial bones are immovable joints called sutures.

Answer 18

Skull

Question 19

Immovably fixed joint between connected by fibrous tissue

Answer 19

Synarthrosis

Question 20

Is made of 33 individual bones called vertebrae

Answer 20

Vertebral column

Question 21

The first of seven cervical vertebra articulates with the occipital bone of the skull and forms a pivot joint with the axis

Answer 21

Atlas

Question 22

The second cervical vertebra

Answer 22

Axis

Question 23

consisting of the five fused sacral vertebrae, articulates with the OS coxae at the sacroiliac joints

Answer 23

Sacrum

Question 24

Composed of four fused coccygeal vertebrae, serves as attachment point for some muscles of the perineum

Answer 24

Coccyx

Question 25

Consist of 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum that protects the heart and lungs as well as upper abdominal organs such as the liver and spleen, from mechanical injury

Answer 25

Thoracic cage

Question 26

the primary joints of the appendicular skeletal. All freely movable joints (diarthroses). Many synovial joints also have bursae. Bursae lessen wear in areas of friction.

Answer 26

Synovial joints

Question 27

small sacs of synovial fluid between the joint and structures that cross over the joints.

Answer 27

Bursae

Question 28

The more stationary muscle attachment is

Answer 28

Origins

Question 29

The more movable attachment is

Answer 29

Insertion

Question 30

disk of fibrous cartilage between bones

Answer 30

Symphysis

Question 31

Movement in one plane

Answer 31

Ball and socket

Question 32

Side to side movement

Answer 32

Gliding

Question 33

Rotation

Answer 33

Pivot

Question 34

Movement in several planes

Answer 34

Saddle

Question 35

What does the abbreviation of ACh is?

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

Gtrating sound as joint or muscle moves

Answer 36

Crepitation

Question 37

Swollen synovial tissues within the joint

Answer 37

Synovitis

Question 38

Is an enzyme that increases when bone is damaged. In metabolic bone diseases and bone cancer. ALP increases to reflect osteoblast (bone-forming cell) activity.

Answer 38

Alkaline Phosphatase

Question 39

Bone disorders commonly cause changes in calcium and phosphorus (or phosphate) levels.

Answer 39

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 40

When muscle tissue is damaged, many serum enzymes are released into the blood stream.

Answer 40

Muscle enzymes

Question 41

is a protein found in striated (skeletal or cardiac) muscle that causes its red color. When skeletal muscle is damaged, myoglobin levels rise in the blood.

Answer 41

Myoglobin

Question 42

a common group arthritic disorders marked by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues

Answer 42

Gout

Question 43

Is a very serious, potentially fatal condition associated with muscle destruction due to an injury (such a crush syndrome), high fever, convulsions, or prolonged muscle compression.

Answer 43

Rhabdomyolysis

Question 44

is a waste product found in the blood normally excreted in the urine. When serum uric acid levels rise, a condition called gout can occur.

Answer 44

Uric Acid

Question 45

is a procedure which synovial fluid is aspirated from a joint for analysis or to relieve pressure. (improves pain and mobility).

Answer 45

Arthrocentesis

Question 46

noninflammatory conditions, and septic arthritis.

Answer 46

Hemarthrosis

Question 47

Allows the surgeon to directly visualize a joint using a small tube. Is an invasive procedure.

Answer 47

Arthroscopy

Question 48

Visualization of skeletal abnormality or deformity, dense or inflamed tissues, and joints.

Answer 48

X-rays

Question 49

Radiographic “Slices” pf bone or soft tissue images.

Answer 49

Computed tomography

Question 50

Electromagnets provide a three- dimensional visualization of the area.

Answer 50

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 51

Visualizes bone or soft tissue using sound waves.

Answer 51

Ultrasonography

Question 52

Electromyography (EMG)in the electrical testing of nerves and muscles.

Answer 52

Nerve condition studies

Question 53

Air or contrast medium is injected into a synovial joint which is the x-rayed.

Answer 53

Invasive arthrography

Question 54

Visualizes the spine and spinal cord. May use injection of a contrast medium.

Answer 54

Myelogram

Question 55

A radioactive element is injected that migrates to bone, and inflammatory tissue

Answer 55

Gallium/ Thallium scans

Question 56

Needle aspiration (closed) or surgical extraction (open) of bone or muscle tissue.

Answer 56

Bone or muscle biopsy

Question 56

Provides direct visualization or a joint and its capsule using an instrument inserted into the joint space.

Answer 56

Arthroscopy