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Block One Exam 2 > Chapter 44: Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 44: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

An organic compound of one or more basic groups and one or more carboxyl groups. These are the building blocks that construct proteins and the end products of protein digestion. What is this defined as?

A

Amino Acid

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2
Q

Constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter; occurs when an individual adds lean muscle through diet and exercise. How are Amino acids absorbed into tissues, hormones, and enzymes. What is this process defined as?

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

Poor appetite

A

Anorexia

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4
Q

an eating disorder that makes people lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height. Persons with this disorder may have an intense fear of weight gain, even when they are underweight. They may diet or exercise too much or use other ways to lose weight.

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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5
Q

measurement system of the size and makeup of the body; determine nutritional and caloric status, muscular development brain growth and other parameters.

A

Anthropometry

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6
Q

amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

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7
Q

measures weight corrected for height and serves as an alternative to traditional height and weight relationships. What is this defined as?

A

Body Mass Index

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8
Q

How do you calculate Body Mass Index?

A

Calculate BMI by dividing pt’s weight in kg by height in meters squared. Weight/height (squared)

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9
Q

This Is an illness in which a person binges on food or has regular episodes of overeating and feels a loss of control. The person then uses different methods – such as vomiting or abusing laxatives – to prevent weight gain. Many (but not all) people with this also have ______. What is this defined as?

A
  1. Bulimia Nervosa

2. Anorexia Nervosa

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10
Q

The main source of energy in the diet;
composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What is this defined as?

A

carbohydrates

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11
Q

The breaking down of biochemical substances into simpler substances. Starvation is an example when wasting of body tissues occurs. What is this defined as?

A

Catabolism

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12
Q

The semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. What is this defined as?

A

Chyme

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13
Q

a term on food labels based on the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) designed to help consumers use food label information to plan a healthy diet. What is this defined as?

A

Daily Values

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14
Q

Present evidence-based criteria for an acceptable range of amounts of vitamins and nutrients for each gender and age group. What is this defined as?

A

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

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15
Q

The body synthesizes; amino acids will link together; albumin and insulin are simple proteins because they contain only amino acids or their derivatives. What is this defined as?

A

Dispensable Amino Acids

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16
Q

difficulty swallowing. What is this defined as?

A

Dysphagia

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17
Q

This provides nutrients into the GI tract and is the preferred method of meeting nutritional needs if a pt is unable to swallow or take in nutrients orally yet has a functioning GI tract. What is this defined as?

A

Enteral Nutrition (EN)

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18
Q

These are protein like substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions; they are an essential part of the chemistry of digestion. What is this defined as?

A

Enzymes

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19
Q

A, D, E, K, are stored in the fatty compartments of the body; these are acquired through dietary intake, except D. What is this defined as?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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20
Q

composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and methyl group on the other. They can be saturated in which each carbon in the chain has 2 attached hydrogen atoms or unsaturated in which an unequal # of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond. What is this defined as?

A

Fatty Acids

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21
Q

This is a polysaccharide such as glycogen are made up of many carb units; they are insoluble in water and digested to varying degrees; starches are polysaccharides. What is this defined as?

A

Fiber

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22
Q

all household members have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle, is available on a consistent basis and resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet. What is this defined as?

A

Food Security

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23
Q

The catabolism of amino acids and glycerol into glucose for energy. What is this defined as?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage. What is this defined as?

A

Glycogenesis

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25
Q

the splitting up of glycogen in the liver, yielding glucose. What is this defined as?

A

Glycogenolysis

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26
Q

fat-soluble vitamins results from mega-doses of supplemental vitamins, excessive amounts in fortified food, and lg intake of fish oils. What is this defined as?

A

Hypervitaminosis

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27
Q

an estimate of what a person should weigh. What is this defined as?

A

Ideal body weight (IBW)

28
Q

the body does not synthesize so they need to be provided in the diet. What is this defined as?

A

Indispensable amino acids

29
Q

Fat emulsions are used as dietary supplements for patients who are unable to get enough fat in their diet, usually because of certain illnesses or recent surgery. What is this defined as?

A

Intravenous fat emulsions

30
Q

Poisonous acidic chemicals produced by the body when fat instead of glucose is burned for energy. Breakdown of fat occurs when not enough insulin is present to channel glucose into body cells. What is this defined as?

A

Ketones

31
Q

one thousand small calories; measurement known as diet calorie. What is this defined as?

A

Kilocalorie (kcal)

32
Q

are the most calorie-dense nutrient providing 9 kcal/g; composed of triglycerides and fatty acids. What is this defined as?

A

Lipids (fats)

33
Q

inorganic elements that your body needs in large quantities, perform several important physiological functions; calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride and sulfur. What is this defined as?

A

Macrominerals

34
Q

is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. What is this defined as?

A

Malabsorption

35
Q

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat. What is this defined as?

A

Malnutrition

36
Q

This is the use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury or condition; necessary to help the body metabolize certain nutrients. What is this defined as?

A

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

37
Q

to all of the biochemical reactions within the cells of the body. What is this defined as?

A

Metabolism

38
Q

are often referred to as trace minerals, meaning they are present at low levels in the body or required in smaller amounts in the animals diet. Micro minerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. What is this defined as?

A

Microminerals

39
Q

inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions. They are classified as macrominerals when the daily requirement is 100 mg or more and microminerals when less than 100 mg is needed daily. What is this defined as?

A

Minerals

40
Q

This acid has double bonds? What is this defined as?

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids

41
Q

achieved when the intake and output of nitrogen are equal. What is this defined as?

A

Nitrogen Balance

42
Q

How do you calculate Nitrogen Balance?

A

When the nitrogen > output = positive nitrogen balance;

43
Q

the proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kilocalories; high-nutrient density-fruits and veg provide lg number of nutrients in kilocalories; low nutrient density- alcohol or sugar are high in in kilocalories but nutrient poor. What is this defined as?

A

Nutrient Density

44
Q

elements necessary for the normal function of numerous body processes; carbs, proteins, fats, water, vitamins and minerals. What is this defined as?

A

Nutrients

45
Q

from of specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are provided intravenously; also known as intravenous feeding, is a method of getting nutrition into the body through the veins (TPN). What is this defined as?

A

Parenteral nutrition (PN)

46
Q

A wavelike muscular contractions that move the food to the base of the esophagus, above the cardiac sphincter. What is this defined as?

A

Peristalsis

47
Q

This acid has 2 or more double carbon bonds. What is this defined as?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

48
Q

the amt of energy that an individual needs to consume over a 24 hr period for the body to maintain all of its internal working activities while at rest. What is another term for this? What is this defined as?

A

Resting energy expenditure (REE)

49
Q

organic compound containing sugar and sugars. What is this defined as?

A

Saccharides

50
Q

which each carbon in the chain has 2 attached hydrogen. What is this defined as?

A

Saturated fatty acids

51
Q

monosaccharides and disaccharides and found primarily in sugars. What is this defined as?

A

Simple carbohydrates

52
Q

a chemical element required only in minute amounts by living organisms for normal growth. What is this defined as?

A

Trace Elements

53
Q

A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. As a blood lipid, it helps enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver. What is this defined as?

A

Triglycerides

54
Q

which an unequal # of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond. What is this defined as?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

55
Q

is the consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods. What is this defined as?

A

Vegetarianism

56
Q

organic substances present in small amounts of foods that are essential to normal metablolism. What is this defined as?

A

Vitamins

57
Q

Vit C and B complex (which is eight vitamins) they are not stored in the body and are absorbed easily in the GI tract; they are not stored, but toxicity can still occur. What is this defined as?

A

Water Soluble Vitamins

58
Q

Normal metabolism and anabolism are physiologically possible when the body is in _____________.

A

Positive nitrogen balance

59
Q

Amount:4kcal/g
main source of fuel (glucose) for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and leukocyte production and cell function of the renal medulla. What is this defined as?

A

Carbohydrates

60
Q

This occurs during physiological states of negative nitrogen balance. What is this defined as?

A

Catabolism

61
Q

The combination of a simple protein with a non-protein substances produces a complex protein such as lipoprotein, formed by a combination of a lipid and a simple protein. What is this defined as?

A

Dispensable amino acid

62
Q

Where does the body get Vitamin D?

A

The sun

63
Q

What are the names of the dispensable amino acids ?

A

alanine, asparagine, and glutamic acid

64
Q

How do you convert lbs to kg?

A

Multiply number of pounds by .454 to get kg

65
Q

How do you convert inches to meters?

A

Multiply inches by .0254 to get meters

66
Q

What are the names of the indispensable amino acids?

A

histidine, lysine, and phenylalanine

Block One Exam 2 (11 decks)

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