Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Biology > Chapter 43 > Flashcards

Chapter 43 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four levels of organization in the vertebrate body?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Tissues
  3. Organs
  4. Organ Systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many different cell types do humans have?

A

210

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What three fundamental embryonic tissues make up the germ layer? Go from innermost layer to outermost.

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four primary tissues in adult vertebrates?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an organ?

A

Combination of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many principle organ systems does the vertebrate body contain?

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the general body plan for all vertebrates?

A

It is like a tube within a tube. The inner tube is the digestive track, the outer tube is the main vertebrate body (supported by a skeleton), and the outermost layer is skin and accessories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal body cavity and ventral body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a dorsal body cavity?

A

It forms within the skull and vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a ventral body cavity?

A

It is bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ventral body cavity divided by the diaphragm into? Define it.

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity - heart and lungs

2. Abdominopelvic cavity - mostly organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is in the thoracic cavity? Define it.

A
  1. Pericardial cavity - around the heart

2. Pleural cavity - around the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity? Define it.

A
  1. Peritoneal cavity - coelomic space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an epithelial membrane and what does it cover?

A

It is cells of epithelia tightly bound together and covers every surface of the vertebrate body. It can come from any of the three germ layers and some epithelia change into glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epithelia possess remarkable ___________ that _______ cells throughout life

A
  1. regenerative powers

2. cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do epithelial tissues attach to and how do they do it?

A

They attach to underlying connective tissues by a fibrous membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a basal surface and what is an apical surface? Define each one. Also, what is important for their function?

A
  1. Basal surface - secured side
  2. Apical surface - free side
  3. Inherent polarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two general classes of epithelial tissue? Define each one.

A
  1. Simple - one layer thick

2. Stratified - several layers thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is each class of the epithelial tissues subdivided? Define each one.

A
  1. Squamous cells - flat
  2. Cuboidal cells - about as wide as tall
  3. Columnar cells - taller than they are wide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the simple squamous epithelium?

A

It lines the lungs and blood capillaries and because of its delicate nature, it permits diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the simple cuboidal epithelium ?

A

Lines kidney tubules and several glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lines airways of respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract. It also contains goblet cells which secrete mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where do glands of vertebrates form from?

A

Invaginated epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

Connected by epithelium by a duct. Lets out sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

It is ductless (lost duct during development) and has secretions (hormones) that enter blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some characteristics of a stratified epithelium

A

It is 2 to several layers thick. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium. Terrestrial vertebrates have a keratinized epithelium with contains water-resistant keratin. Lips are covered with nonkeratinzed , stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where do connective tissues derive from?

A

Embryonic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two major classes of connective tissues? Define them.

A
  1. Connective tissue proper - loose or dense connective tissues
  2. Special connective tissue - cartilage, bone and blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the matrix? (Not the movie haha) Do all of the major connective classes have a matrix?

A

The matrix is abundant extracellular material. Yes

32
Q

What are ground substances?

A

The fluid material between cells and fibers containing a diverse array of proteins and polysaccharides

33
Q

Fibroblasts ____ and _____ extracellular matrix in the connective tissue proper

A
  1. produce

2. secrete

34
Q

What is a loose connective tissue?

A

Cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance

35
Q

What are loose connective tissues strengthened by?

A

Protein fibers

36
Q

What are protein fibers found in the loose connective tissue? Define them.

A
  1. Collagen - supports tissue
  2. Elastin - makes tissue elastic
  3. Reticulin - helps support the network of a collagen
37
Q

Adipose cells do not occur in the loose connective tissue (T/F). What is another term for adipose cells?

A

False, they do. Fat cells

38
Q

How is adipose tissue formed and why is it important?

A

It is formed by adipose cells that develop in large groups in certain areas. It is important for nutrient storage.

39
Q

In the connective tissue proper, dense connective tissue contains ____ground substance than loose connective tissue.

A

Less

40
Q

What are dense regular connective tissues and what do they make up?

A

Collagen fibers that line up in parallel. They make up tendons and ligaments.

41
Q

What are dense irregular connective tissues and what do they cover?

A

Collagen fibers that have different orientations. They cover kidneys, muscles, nerves, and bone.

42
Q

In the special connective tissue, what is cartilage? Where is it found?

A

Ground substance made from characteristic glycoprotein (chrondrotin) and collagen fibers in long, parallel arrays. It is found in joint surfaces and other locations.

43
Q

What are two benefits of cartilage?

A

It is firm and flexible tissue that does not stretch and has great tensile strength

44
Q

______(cartilage cells) live within _____(spaces) in the ground substance

A
  1. Chrondocytes

2. Lacunae

45
Q

_____(bone cells) remain alive in a matrix hardened with _______.

A
  1. Osteocytes

2. Calcium phosphate

46
Q

How do bone cells communicate?

A

Through canaliculi

47
Q

What is blood?

A

Extracellular material in the fluid plasma

48
Q

What type of blood cells are Erytrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

49
Q

What type of blood cells are Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

50
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

51
Q

Muscles are the _____of vertebrate bodies

A

Motors

52
Q

What are the three kinds of muscles?

A

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

53
Q

What are skeletal and cardiac muscles also known as?

A

Striated muscles

54
Q

Skeltal muscle is under ______control, whereas contraction of the other two is ______ control.

A
  1. Voluntary

2. Involuntary

55
Q

The smooth muscle is found in ______ and contains _____

A

It is found in walls of blood vessels and visceral organs. It contains a single nucleus.

56
Q

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ____, so muscle _____ causes bones to move

A
  1. Tendons

2. contraction

57
Q

Muscle fibers (cells) in skeletal muscles are _______

A

Multinucleated

58
Q

How do skeletal muscles contract?

A

By means of myofibrils

59
Q

What does myrofibrils contain?

A

Ordered actin and myosin filaments

60
Q

What is the cardiac muscle composed of and how many nucleuses does it have?

A

It is composed of a smaller, interconnected cells. It contains a single nucleus.

61
Q

Interconnections in cardiac muscles appear as white lines (T/F) and are called ______.

A
  1. False, dark lines

2. Intercalated disks

62
Q

Gap junctions link (adjacent/paralell/perpendicular) cells and enable cardiac muscle cells to form a (single/double/triple) functioning unit

A
  1. Adjacent

2. Single

63
Q

Do cells include neurons?

A

Yes

64
Q

What are supporting cells called?

A

Neuroglia

65
Q

How many parts do most neurons consist of?

A

Three

66
Q

What these three parts? Define them.

A
  1. Cell body - contains the nucleus
  2. Dendrites - highly branched extensions
  3. Axon - single cytoplasmic extension
67
Q

Dendrites conduct electrical impulses (toward/away) the cell body and the Axon conducts impulses (toward/away) the cell body.

A
  1. Toward

2. Awat

68
Q

Neuroglia (do/ do not) conduct electrical impulses

A

Do not

69
Q

Neuroglia ___ and _____ neurons and _____ foreign materals in and around neurons

A
  1. support
  2. insulate
  3. eliminate
70
Q

Neuroglia associate with ____ to form an _____cover.

A
  1. Axon

2. insulating

71
Q

What is this insulating cover called?

A

Myelin Sheath

72
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier and what are they involved in?

A

They are gaps that are involved in acceleration of impulses

73
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and the Pheripheral nervous system (PNS)

74
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) used for and where is it located?

A

It located in the brain and spinal cord and is used for integration and interpretation of input

75
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) used for and where is it located?

A

It is used for communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body and is found in the nerves and ganglia (collections of cell bodies)

Principles of Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions