Chapter 43 Flashcards
What are the four levels of organization in the vertebrate body?
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
How many different cell types do humans have?
210
What is a tissue?
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
What three fundamental embryonic tissues make up the germ layer? Go from innermost layer to outermost.
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
What are the four primary tissues in adult vertebrates?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nerve
What is an organ?
Combination of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
What is an organ system?
Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
How many principle organ systems does the vertebrate body contain?
11
What is the general body plan for all vertebrates?
It is like a tube within a tube. The inner tube is the digestive track, the outer tube is the main vertebrate body (supported by a skeleton), and the outermost layer is skin and accessories.
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal body cavity and ventral body cavity
What is a dorsal body cavity?
It forms within the skull and vertebrae
What is a ventral body cavity?
It is bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column
What is the ventral body cavity divided by the diaphragm into? Define it.
- Thoracic Cavity - heart and lungs
2. Abdominopelvic cavity - mostly organs
What is in the thoracic cavity? Define it.
- Pericardial cavity - around the heart
2. Pleural cavity - around the lungs
What is in the abdominopelvic cavity? Define it.
- Peritoneal cavity - coelomic space
What is an epithelial membrane and what does it cover?
It is cells of epithelia tightly bound together and covers every surface of the vertebrate body. It can come from any of the three germ layers and some epithelia change into glands.
Epithelia possess remarkable ___________ that _______ cells throughout life
- regenerative powers
2. cells
What do epithelial tissues attach to and how do they do it?
They attach to underlying connective tissues by a fibrous membrane.
What is a basal surface and what is an apical surface? Define each one. Also, what is important for their function?
- Basal surface - secured side
- Apical surface - free side
- Inherent polarity
What are the two general classes of epithelial tissue? Define each one.
- Simple - one layer thick
2. Stratified - several layers thick
What is each class of the epithelial tissues subdivided? Define each one.
- Squamous cells - flat
- Cuboidal cells - about as wide as tall
- Columnar cells - taller than they are wide
What is the function of the simple squamous epithelium?
It lines the lungs and blood capillaries and because of its delicate nature, it permits diffusion.
What is the function of the simple cuboidal epithelium ?
Lines kidney tubules and several glands
What is the function of the simple columnar epithelium?
Lines airways of respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract. It also contains goblet cells which secrete mucus.
Where do glands of vertebrates form from?
Invaginated epithelia
What is an exocrine gland?
Connected by epithelium by a duct. Lets out sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands
What is an endocrine gland?
It is ductless (lost duct during development) and has secretions (hormones) that enter blood
What are some characteristics of a stratified epithelium
It is 2 to several layers thick. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium. Terrestrial vertebrates have a keratinized epithelium with contains water-resistant keratin. Lips are covered with nonkeratinzed , stratified squamous epithelium
Where do connective tissues derive from?
Embryonic mesoderm
What are the two major classes of connective tissues? Define them.
- Connective tissue proper - loose or dense connective tissues
- Special connective tissue - cartilage, bone and blood
What is the matrix? (Not the movie haha) Do all of the major connective classes have a matrix?
The matrix is abundant extracellular material. Yes
What are ground substances?
The fluid material between cells and fibers containing a diverse array of proteins and polysaccharides
Fibroblasts ____ and _____ extracellular matrix in the connective tissue proper
- produce
2. secrete
What is a loose connective tissue?
Cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance
What are loose connective tissues strengthened by?
Protein fibers
What are protein fibers found in the loose connective tissue? Define them.
- Collagen - supports tissue
- Elastin - makes tissue elastic
- Reticulin - helps support the network of a collagen
Adipose cells do not occur in the loose connective tissue (T/F). What is another term for adipose cells?
False, they do. Fat cells
How is adipose tissue formed and why is it important?
It is formed by adipose cells that develop in large groups in certain areas. It is important for nutrient storage.
In the connective tissue proper, dense connective tissue contains ____ground substance than loose connective tissue.
Less
What are dense regular connective tissues and what do they make up?
Collagen fibers that line up in parallel. They make up tendons and ligaments.
What are dense irregular connective tissues and what do they cover?
Collagen fibers that have different orientations. They cover kidneys, muscles, nerves, and bone.
In the special connective tissue, what is cartilage? Where is it found?
Ground substance made from characteristic glycoprotein (chrondrotin) and collagen fibers in long, parallel arrays. It is found in joint surfaces and other locations.
What are two benefits of cartilage?
It is firm and flexible tissue that does not stretch and has great tensile strength
______(cartilage cells) live within _____(spaces) in the ground substance
- Chrondocytes
2. Lacunae
_____(bone cells) remain alive in a matrix hardened with _______.
- Osteocytes
2. Calcium phosphate
How do bone cells communicate?
Through canaliculi
What is blood?
Extracellular material in the fluid plasma
What type of blood cells are Erytrocytes?
Red blood cells
What type of blood cells are Leukocytes?
White blood cells
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
Muscles are the _____of vertebrate bodies
Motors
What are the three kinds of muscles?
Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
What are skeletal and cardiac muscles also known as?
Striated muscles
Skeltal muscle is under ______control, whereas contraction of the other two is ______ control.
- Voluntary
2. Involuntary
The smooth muscle is found in ______ and contains _____
It is found in walls of blood vessels and visceral organs. It contains a single nucleus.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ____, so muscle _____ causes bones to move
- Tendons
2. contraction
Muscle fibers (cells) in skeletal muscles are _______
Multinucleated
How do skeletal muscles contract?
By means of myofibrils
What does myrofibrils contain?
Ordered actin and myosin filaments
What is the cardiac muscle composed of and how many nucleuses does it have?
It is composed of a smaller, interconnected cells. It contains a single nucleus.
Interconnections in cardiac muscles appear as white lines (T/F) and are called ______.
- False, dark lines
2. Intercalated disks
Gap junctions link (adjacent/paralell/perpendicular) cells and enable cardiac muscle cells to form a (single/double/triple) functioning unit
- Adjacent
2. Single
Do cells include neurons?
Yes
What are supporting cells called?
Neuroglia
How many parts do most neurons consist of?
Three
What these three parts? Define them.
- Cell body - contains the nucleus
- Dendrites - highly branched extensions
- Axon - single cytoplasmic extension
Dendrites conduct electrical impulses (toward/away) the cell body and the Axon conducts impulses (toward/away) the cell body.
- Toward
2. Awat
Neuroglia (do/ do not) conduct electrical impulses
Do not
Neuroglia ___ and _____ neurons and _____ foreign materals in and around neurons
- support
- insulate
- eliminate
Neuroglia associate with ____ to form an _____cover.
- Axon
2. insulating
What is this insulating cover called?
Myelin Sheath
What are the nodes of Ranvier and what are they involved in?
They are gaps that are involved in acceleration of impulses
What is the nervous system divided into?
Central nervous system (CNS) and the Pheripheral nervous system (PNS)
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) used for and where is it located?
It located in the brain and spinal cord and is used for integration and interpretation of input
What is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) used for and where is it located?
It is used for communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body and is found in the nerves and ganglia (collections of cell bodies)
