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BIO 125 FINAL > Chapter 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

how do the gills exchange gas ?

A

water flows over the gills, dissolved oxygen from the water diffuses across a thin membrane and into the bloodstream of the animal. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the animals bloodstream diffuses across the same membrane and into water. Gills have a large surface area that are made up gill filaments, and these are covered with lamellae which increases the surface area. Lamellae are lined with capillaries where gas exchange takes place. Countercurrent exchange

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2
Q

what is a respiratory medium ?

A

exchange with tissues (water or air), internally

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3
Q

what law applies to respiratory surface?

A

Fick’s law, describes that CO2 and O2 move by diffusion, the respiratory surface must be moist, thin, and large

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4
Q

what are some complexity of respiratory surface

A

size, aquatic or terrestrial, metabolic demands

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5
Q

how does gas exchange on skin?

A

in simpler organisms (e.g. sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms), occurs over the entire surface area. Cutaneous breathing (e.g. amphibians, earthworms) which the skin serves as a primary respiratory surface, the skin is moist, thin, highly vascularized and high SAV ratio. Oxygen from the enviro diffuses across the moist skin surface and into bloodstream, CO2 from the bloodstream diffuses out through the skin and into the enviro, this is facilitated by a concentration gradient , with O2 moving from high concentration (the enviro) to low (blood) and carbon dioxide moving in the opposite direction.

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6
Q

in larger organisms why do they use circulatory system?

A

diffusion is not efficient, circulatory system maintains diffusion gradient, they also have a large SAV ratio

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7
Q

how does water serve as a respiratory medium?

A

moisture, O2 concentrations low in H2O (vary with temp, salinity, and biological concentration of O2 in water), gills must be efficient

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8
Q

how do gills act as a ventilation system ?

A

it is necessary in water, movement of water helps gills exchange easier.

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9
Q

what is RAM ventilation?

A

situation where flow of fluid in which you’re moving through ventilates. Sharks use this method bc it is faster, contract action, the faster he moves the more efficient ventilation is

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10
Q

how do trachea systems exchange gas in arthropods?

A

there is a small opening on the surface of their bodies called spiracles which are connected to a network of tubes called tracheae. Trachea branch out and become smaller and smaller, eventually forming tiny tubes called tracheoles. Oxygen enters the spiracles and travels down the trachaea to the tracheoles where it diffuses into the surrounding tissues and is used for cellular respiration. CO2 diffuses from the cells into the tracheoles and is carried back to the spiracles where it is released into the environment. Contain air sacs that contract with the muscles.

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11
Q

how are tracheal systems efficient?

A

large surface area, allows for efficient gas exchange, don’t use metabolic energy

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12
Q

how does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

air is breathed in through the mouth and nose and enters the lungs and travels down the bronchial tubes and then the air comes into contact with the alveoli which then contact the capillaries, oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane and into the capillaries. At the same time CO2 is diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli, which is driven by pressure between air and alveoli in the blood and capillaries. Oxygen-rich blood then travels through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped out to the rest of the body. CO2 blood is carried by pulmonary arteries back to the lungs where it is expelled during exhalation.

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13
Q

Why is being a terrestrial animal beneficial in terms of respiration in air compared to water?

A

air has more oxygen, more ventilation, less energy to ventilate, but a disadvantage is there is water loss.

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14
Q

what characteristics do respiratory surfaces have in common? Why?

A
  1. thinness: thin to facilitate diffusion of gases across them, thinner the surface the easier for gases to pass through it
  2. moistness: allow for gases to dissolve in a film of water, which facilitates their diffusion across the surface.
  3. large surface area: maximizes the amount of gas that can be exchanged. this is achieved through the use of gills, lungs or tracheae
  4. rich blood supply: ensures sufficient concentration gradient
    These are important for efficient gas exchange, which is critical for the survival of most organisms. All the above 4 things allow organism to efficiently absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
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15
Q

What is the design of a mammals respiratory system?

A

Consists of lungs, bronchi, trachea, and nasal passages.Lungs are primary organs responsible for gas exchange, composed of millions of small air sacs, alveoli. Alveoli surrounded by capillaries, which allow for exchange of gases between air and blood. Oxygen carried to body via red blood cells. CO2 is produced by cells during metabolism and is transported back to the lungs to be exhaled. Olfaction, bronchioles, bronchi, pleural cavity, diaphragm.

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16
Q

What is the design of a birds respiratory system?

A

Much more efficient then mammals, allows for continuous breathing. They have a unidirectional airflow system that allows for constant supply of oxygen to the body. Air sacs and one way-valves direct air flow from the lungs. When they breathe in the air sacs fill and when exhalation occurs air sacs empty and lungs fill.

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17
Q

What is the principle bronchi?

A

branch into smaller bronchioles surrounded by smooth muscle tissue.

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18
Q

What is terminal bronchi?

A

branch into respiratory bronchioles which is where alveolus (flat cells, exchange happens, interconnected lining is moist, SA high) when exhale alveoli partially compress thin layer of moisture.

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19
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

thin spaced filled with fluid, surface tension, adhesion, and cohesion of water. When ribcage expands and pulls pleural cavity up. If punctured not fixed amount of oxygen.

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20
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

located at the bottom of the ribcage and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal activity. When diaphragm contracts and moves downward, it creates a vacuum that draws air into the lungs. When relaxed it moves upwards, it helps push air out of the lungs. Helps maintain pressure in the abdomen.

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21
Q

How does gas exchange and osmosis relate by physics?

A

partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli then in the capillaries. diffusing from high concentration to low concentration.

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22
Q

how does gas exchange and diffusion relate by physics?

A

primary mechanism by which gases move between the lungs and the bloodstream. oxygen diffuses form alveoli into the capillaries where it binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. CO2 is produced by metabolism, diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.

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23
Q

how does gas exchange and partial pressure of gases relate by physics?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 play crucial role in gas exchange. In the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries which drives oxygen into the bloodstream. Conversely, the partial pressure of CO2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli, which drives CO2 out of the bloodstream and into the lungs to be exhaled.

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24
Q

how does gas exchange and laws of continuity relate by physics ?

A

the laws of continuity describe the behaviour of fluids in motion, and are important in understanding gas exchange in the respiratory system. Equation describes the relationship between the flow rate of air, the cross sectional area of the airways and the velocity of the air.

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25
Q

where are O2 sensors?

A

in aorta and carotids

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26
Q

CO2 and O2 are ?

A

negatively correlated, results in hyperventilation

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27
Q

medulla is the ?

A

breathing control center, monitoring cerebrospinal fluid pH, this tells us how much CO2 is in the blood. More CO2=more acidic (~7.4 blood pH)

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28
Q

Medulla can sense a decrease and?

A

send stuff to diaphragm to increase blood pH since getting rid of CO2 then medulla turns of signals

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29
Q

what are respiratory pigments?

A

carry oxygen in the blood

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30
Q

what is the function of hemocyanin

A

it is a respiratory pigment. it is a protein that uses a metal, copper atom that binds to blood

31
Q

what is the function of hemoglobin ?

A

respiratory pigment, on surface of red blood cells (1 red blood cell carries ~ 250 million molecules), has four subunits (polypeptides) that are an array of carbons with iron atom in the center, have certain affinity for O2 (e.g. higher pH means higher affinity for O2)

32
Q

O2 loading is?

A

bohr shift, when there is high pH, higher affinity for O2, makes hemoglobin drop off O2, pH higher in lungs so cause to load up with oxygen.

33
Q

CO2 is carried by what?

A

amino groups, bicarbonate is in solution and 70% is transported, acts as a buffer.

34
Q

T or F: if one of the four heme groups in hemoglobin are loaded with oxygen the other 3 will have a higher affinity for oxygen and want to become loaded as well or vice versa (losing oxygen)

A

TRUE

35
Q

Describe organismal gas exchange

A

In the respiratory system there is a respiratory medium where ventilation is happening by diffusion then in the circulatory system, circulation is happening by diffusion which then leads to cellular respiration.

36
Q

simpler organisms contain a ____ for circulation?

A

gastrovascular cavity (e.g cnidarians, flatworms), acoelomate ( has high SAV ratio)

37
Q

pseudocoelomate contain ___ for circulation ?

A

pseudocoelom which is a fluid filled cavity, distributing fluid around, does basically what a circulatory system does

38
Q

eucoelomate contains ____ for circulatory system ?

A

hemel system (normal circulatory system evolved once). uses metabolic power to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the blood (circulatory fluid), flows down a pressure gradient through circuit back to blood. maintains diffusion gradient.

39
Q

a hemel system is made up of what?

A

it is a basic circulatory set up: circulatory fluid, a set of tubes, muscular pumps

40
Q

describe open circulatory systems

A

they contain no capillaries, heart pumps hemolymph (circulatory fluid) which then branches into arteries that are open (hemocytes), which then fill up with fluid, same fluid thats in between cells and hemocytes. When heart relaxes brings fluid back from veins (sinuses) and can pump it around again. There is low blood pressure in hemocytes. In open circulatory the heart pumps faster but not sustained aerobic activity. Exchange occurs in hemolymph and cells. (e.g in arthropods, mollusks)

41
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

they contain separate blood, lymph. Blood is pumped by the heart which goes into arteries that then branch into artioles these then branch into capillaries which then converge to venuoles which converge to veins that then carry blood back to the heart. Exchange occurs in capillaries and interstitial fluid. (e.g vertebrates, cephalopods, annelids)

42
Q

Describe the open circulatory system of spiders

A

contains hemocoel (lacunae) that surrounds most major organs. Heart that is surrounded by hemolymph, hemolymph comes in from ostia, hemolymph is forced out through the arteries. Hemolymph pathway is heart to arteries (opisthosomal artery and abdominal artery) to tissues to lacunae to the book lungs (gets oxygenated again) and back to the heart.

43
Q

why don’t spiders have a system for shunting?

A

becasue they are small and contain an open circulatory system. don’t have mechanism to ensure blood goes where it needs too

44
Q

describe the cardiovascular system of a closed circulatory system for vertebrates

A

heart will contain 1-2 atria and 1-2 ventricles. three main types of blood vessels: arteries- carries blood away from the heart (highest blood pressure), veins- carries blood to the heart (have valves, low blood pressure to prevent back flow), Capillaries- network of capillaries infiltrate each tissue, layer of endothelium, exchange happens here, blood cells go at one time and branch into venioles.

45
Q

describe capillaries

A

there are 5-10% profused at a given time. can shunt blood which is moving blood from one place to another. is made up of smooth muscle layer constricts. pre-capillary sphincters which close of the capillary bed, limit volume of blood. better to have a limited amount of blood.

46
Q

Exchange in capillaries is?

A

endocytosis on one side, exocytosis on the other, diffusion also occurs

47
Q

describe arteries

A

recoil and elastic fibers that can withstand high pressure. Layers of smooth muscle, endothelium

48
Q

what is the lymphatic system ?

A

its a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that work together to maintain the bodys fluid balance, immune function and absorption of dietary fats.

49
Q

describe the function of lymphatic vessels

A

contain a fluid that diffuses into lymph capillaries (empties the interstitial spaces), drains into the circulatory system at vena cavae. returns interstitial fluid back into the blood stream, transports immune cells (white blood cells) and absorbing fats and transport them to the blood stream.

50
Q

describe the function of lymphatic nodes

A

are a bunch of lymphatic vessels that have blind ends (lymph capillaries). Concentrated in certain areas such as neck, armpits, and groin. They filter lymph as it flows through them, removing harmful bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. They contain B and T lymphocytes that help to destroy particles and produce antibodies to protect against infections.

51
Q

what does the law of continuity say about fluids?

A

if diameter changes must flow faster through smaller, higher pressure at narrow widths. In open system the law of continuity doesn’t apply.

52
Q

what does systolic and diastolic mean?

A

systolic means heart contracts and pressure is at its highest. Diastolic means lowest pressure, heart is relaxed.

53
Q

when does the bottleneck effect occur?

A

when there is convergence, nothing keeping pressure, movement of skeletal muscle helps blood go to heart.

54
Q

Describe a fish heart

A

it is a 2 chambered heart (1 atria and 1 ventricle). two capillary beds inline (gill and systematic capillaries). Fish get worn out really easily.

55
Q

describe the heart of amphibians and most reptiles

A

it is a 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle).

56
Q

describe the heart of crocodilians, birds and mammals

A

it is a 4 chambered heart (2 ventricles, 2 atria). important for adaptation for endotherms (need 10X more O2)

57
Q

describe the anatomy of the heart

A

heart is mainly made of striated branching cardiac muscles. two atria (auricles). two ventricles (they do the pumping). Four valves in heart, two atrioventricular (AV) valves (left = mitral, and right = tricuspid) and two sets of semilunar valves. There is the sternum around the heart. The right side handles deoxygenated blood and left side handles oxygenated blood. Vena cava is the two largest veins. Everything heart down is inferior vena cava and everything above the heart is superior vena cava (both join at the right atrium). Right ventricle only pumps blood to lungs while left ventricle pumps blood out to the entire body (left is bigger and stronger).

58
Q

describe how the blood is pumped through the heart (Cardiac cycle)

A

blood passes through right atrium from superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (bring in deoxygenated blood) through tricuspid valve to the right ventricle (when it contracts pushes blood out to lungs and tricuspid valve slaps shut to prevent back flow). Blood gets pumped into pulmonary trunk into right and left pulmonary artery (carrying blood to lungs) goes to capillary of lungs (becomes oxygenated and releases CO2) then back to heart through right and left pulmonary veins into left atrium into mitral valve, then into left ventricle (when left ventricle is contracting the mitral valve shuts) oxygenated blood is pushed out aorta and until it splits into two terminal arteries that carry blood to the rest of the body.

59
Q

describe the rhythm of the heart. what controls the rhythm?

A

it is the continuity and control of the heartbeat. cells are self-excitable (individual intrinsic contraction rhythm). sinoatrial (SA) node sends stimulation to heart to ensure they all contract together (starts in right then left atrium), controls the rhythm. AV (atrial ventricle node) delays signal then sends to ventricles. Atria contracts first then ventricles.

60
Q

how does blood flow in a spider

A

hemolymph is pumped through the body by the spiders heart, which is located at the base of the abdomen. Heart contracts it pumps hemolymph forward through the aorta and into the hemocoel (body cavity) where it bathes the internal organs and tissues.

61
Q

what is double circulation? what problem does this solve? How does this relate to number of chambers?

A

double circulation includes two systems: pulmonary circulation (blood to lungs) and systematic circulation (blood to body). fixes the problem of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood and ensuring there is no mixing of the blood and maximized efficiency. the number of chambers a heart heart relates to the type of circulatory system an animal has.

62
Q

what is double circulation? what problem does this solve? How does this relate to number of chambers?

A

double circulation includes two systems: pulmonary circulation (blood to lungs) and systematic circulation (blood to body). fixes the problem of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood and ensuring there is no mixing of the blood and maximized efficiency. the number of chambers a heart heart relates to the type of circulatory system an animal has.

63
Q

why do veins have valves?

A

valves are present to help prevent backflow of blood and to help ensure that blood flows in one direction towards the heart. Veins work against gravity to return blood to the heart. Valves act as a one way door.

64
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

heart murmur is an unusual sounds heard during a hearbeat. Can be caused by turbulent flow of blood through the heart, which can occur for a variety of reasons, some murmurs are harmless while others may indicate a problem. Could be stenosis which is when the valves are not opening all the way or could be due to incompetent which is when the valves are not closing all the way.

65
Q

how does blood pressure get measured?

A

measured with a pressure cuff (Sphygmomanometer). Example of 120/80 where 120 is your ventricular systole = systolic pressure (when contracting) and 80 is your ventricular diastole = diastolic pressure (when relaxing).

66
Q

what affects blood pressure?

A

your age, physical activity, body weight, diet, stress, smoking, genetics, medications, underlying health conditions, hormones.

67
Q

what does plasma do in the blood ?

A

it is made up of 90% water, proteins, hormones, electrolytes, nutrients and waste products. Plasma proteins can act as buffers, maintain osmotic balance, viscosity, maintaining/transporting lipids, clotting process.

68
Q

what does erythrocytes (red blood cells) do in the blood?

A

it is a high SA structure that carries hemoglobin (~250 molecules). There is 5-6 million per cubic mm of blood. They transport O2 and CO2.

69
Q

what is the function of leukocytes in blood?

A

they are used for defense and immunity, ~5000-10 000 per cubic mm of blood. they can migrate into tissues.

70
Q

what is the function of platelets ?

A

help with blood clotting, 250 000 - 400 000 per cubic mm of blood. it is broken off of cytoplasm from the membrane, very small and sticky.

71
Q

how are erythrocyte levels maintained?

A

red blood cells are replaced approximately every 3-4 months. it is constantly being broken down in the liver, excess pigments are broken down in the bile. The rate of production is determined by cytokine. This is a negative feed-back mechanism. kidneys produce erythropoietin when in responses to low oxygen levels in the blood, this then stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

72
Q

what is an ischemic stroke?

A

type of stroke that a blood clot lodges itself into an artery.

73
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

brain bleed. can be a weak aneurysm in artery that bursts and bleeds, no blood flow means damage everything in brains, gets no blood, pressure on skull. harder to fix.

74
Q

what causes a heart attack?

A

artery in heart (coronary arteries) getting blocked by blood clot. Could be due to the build up of fatty deposits or plaque inside the coronary arteries.

BIO 125 FINAL (3 decks)

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