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AP Biology Chapter 42 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

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1
Q

Open System

A

Open system - organs are soaked in blood

  • Body fluid id called hemolymph
  • Sinuses interconnecting systems where blood flows - these are the spaces

around the organs.

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2
Q

Closed System

A

Closed systems - blood confined to vessels

  • Blood is separate from interstitial fluid
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3
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Human heart - 2 atrium - blood in

  • 2 ventricle - blood out
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4
Q

Arteries

A

the thickest and largest

  • Carries oxygenated blood
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5
Q

Veins

A

large but not as thick

  • Carries de-oxygenated blood
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6
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest and thinnest

  • All gas exchange takes place here
  • Network of capillaries is called a capillary bed, these spread through tissue

Blood has an up-stream and a downstream, the arterioles are the up stream and blood flows

down stream through the venules. This is relationship to the blood in the capillaries.

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7
Q

Fish

A

2 chamber heart, 1 atrium and 1 ventricle

  • Blood flows from the ventricle to the gills where it becomes oxygenated,

carbon dioxide leaves through the capillary walls.

  • Systemic circulation - oxygen rich blood fills the capillary beds, then carbon

dioxide rich blood travels to the atrium

  • Gill circulation - blood flows over the gills from the ventricles
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8
Q

Frog

A

3 chamber heart , 2 atrium and 1 ventricle

  • The ventricle pumps the blood into a forked artery then into pulmocutaneous

and systemic circulation.

  • Pulmocutaneous circulation - capillaries in gas exchange organs pick up

oxygen then travel to the left atrium. From here it travels to the capillary beds

then to the right atrium

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9
Q

Mammals

A

4 chamber, 2 atriums and 2 ventricles right ventricle to lungs - blood flows to left

atrium then to left ventricle and into body. Flows through body and deoxygenated blood now

enters the right atrium and back to the right ventricle.

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10
Q

Heart

A

pumps and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

  • Contracts - pumps blood
  • Relaxes - chambers fill with blood

One cycle is called the cardiac cycle

Contraction is systole

Relaxation is diastole

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11
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume pumped by the left ventricle per minute. To calculate the cardiac output you multiply the stroke volume by the heart rate

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12
Q

Rate of contraction

A

heart rate ( # of beats per minute )

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13
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle each contraction

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14
Q

Atrioventricular valve ( AV )

A

between atrium and ventricle

  • Ventricle contraction closes them. This prevents flow back into atrium
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15
Q

Semilumar valves

A

this is where the aorta leaves the ventricle

                      -  contraction forces these to open, during relaxation blood starts

to flow back and causes valves to close

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16
Q

Heart murmur

A

a defect in one or more valves

- You hear a hissing sound, this is the leak

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17
Q

Sinoatrial Node ( SA )

A

sets the rate for all of the cardiac muscle to contract at the same time

  • Also known as the pace maker
  • Generates an electrical pulse
  • Also controls closing of the AV by impulse
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18
Q

Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG )

A

records impulses

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19
Q

Law of continuity

A

if the flow is constant, blood will flow faster through capillaries then arteries.

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20
Q

Veins and Arteries - there are 3 layers

A
  • Outer - connective tissue
  • Inner - endothelium
  • Middle - smooth muscle
21
Q

Blood pressure

A

higher in arteries, highest during contraction ( systolic pressure )
- Arteries stretch from pressure of entering blood and retract as blood enters arterioles. This is called peripheral resistance.

22
Q

Capillaries - 5% to 10% have blood at any time, but there are so many that organs receive enough blood flow or gas exchange.

A
  • Body will divert blood flow to capillaries as needed ( ex. Digestive system )
  • About 85% of fluid that leaves the blood at arteriole end of capillaries will re-enter at the venuole end.
23
Q

Lymphatic system

A

vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system

  • Fluids enter the system by diffusion into the lymph capillaries

helps fight infection

24
Q

Lymph

A

colorless fluid - formed by interstitial fluids in the lymphatic system

25
Q

Lymph node

A

organs located along lymph vessels.

  • Filter lymph and help attack bacteria and viruses
26
Q

Blood

A

90% water

  • Ph of 7.4 ( slightly basic )
27
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

bulky proteins (Quaternary protein)

28
Q

Fibrinogens

A

proteins involved in clotting (clots blood)

29
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes

contain hemoglobin - an iron containing protein that binds to Oxygen

  • 25 trillion in the body
  • Bi concave disk
  • No nucleus or mitochondria
  • Live about 120 days
  • Recycled in the liver and spleen
30
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Leukocytes

there are 5 types

  • Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
31
Q

Platelets

A

Stops the bleeding

Fragments of cells

  • Pinched off cytoplasmic fragments in bone marrow
  • Enter blood and aid in clotting
32
Q

Stem Cells

A

found in the red marrow of bones

  • Can differentiate - white, red or platelets
33
Q

Erythropoietin

A

plasma protein hormone

  • Stimulates production of red blood cells
  • Production of erythropoietin is regulated by the oxygen levels
34
Q

Fibrinogen

A

active form is fibrin - forms clots

35
Q

Hemophilia

A

Lack of fibrinogen

blood does not clot

36
Q

Thrombus

A

clot in vessel

37
Q

Heart attack

A

caused by blockage of artery

  • Lack of oxygen to heart
38
Q

Stroke

A

blockage or rupture of artery in the brain

39
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

plaque build up (lipids )

40
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

41
Q

LDL - low density lipoproteins

A

BAD

  • Plaque build up
  • Most common cause is smoking
42
Q

HDL - high density lipoproteins

A

good

Reduces plaque

  • Exercise helps increase it
43
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Gills - the warmer and saltier the water the less Oxygen available

Ventilation - increased flow through the gills

Counter current exchange - blood flows opposite the direction of the water, over the gills

Tracheal system - Insects - air tubes through the body

44
Q

Breathing

A

Positive pressure - found in frogs - inhale and fill the oral cavity, this forces the air down

Negative Pressure - Humans - pull air into lungs

  • Diaphragm forces air out
45
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume inhaled and exhaled in each breath

46
Q

Vital capacity

A

maximum amount that can be inhaled

  • 3.4 – 4.8 liters, depending on the person
47
Q

Residual volume

A

small amount of air that remains in the lungs

48
Q

Para bronchi

A

tiny channels for air flow and gas exchange in birds

  • This is a one way system
49
Q

Myoglobin

A

oxygen storing protein in the blood

AP Biology Chapter 42 (1 decks)

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