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Exam 3 MS III > Chapter 41 Hematologic System > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Hematologic System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Neutrophil (Inflammation)

A

nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign protein

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2
Q

Functions of Macrophage (Inflammation)

A

nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microorganisms; ingestion and phagocytosis

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3
Q

Functions of Monocyte (Inflammation)

A

destruction of bacteria and cellular debris; matures into macrophage

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4
Q

Functions of Eosinophil (Inflammation)

A

weak phagocytic action; releases vasoactive amines during allergic reactions

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5
Q

Functions of Basophil (Inflammation)

A

releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage

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6
Q

Functions of B Lymphocyte (Antibody-Mediated Immunity)

A

becomes sensitized to foreign cells and proteins

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7
Q

Functions of Plasma Cell (Antibody-Mediated Immunity)

A

secretes immunoglobulins in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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8
Q

Functions of Memory Cell (Antibody-Mediated Immunity)

A

remains sensitized to a specific antigen and can secrete increased amounts of immunoglobulins specific to the antigen

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9
Q

Functions of T Lymphocyte Helper/Inducer T Cell (Cell Mediated Immunity)

A

Enhances immune activity through secretion of various factors, cytokines, and lymphokines

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10
Q

Functions of Cytotoxic- Cytolytic T Cell (Cell Mediated Immunity)

A

Selectively attacks and destroys non self cells, including virally infected cells, grafts, and transplanted organs

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11
Q

Functions of Natural Killer Cells (Cell-Mediated Immunity)

A

Nonselectively attacks non self cells, especially body cells that have undergone mutation and become malignant; also attacks grafts and transplanted organs

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12
Q

Clotting Factors: I: Fibrinogen

A

Factor I is converted to firbrin by thrombin. individual fibrin molecules form fibrin threats which are scaffold for clot formaion and wound healing

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13
Q

Clotting Factos: II: Prothrombin

A

inactive precursor of thrombin. activated to thrombin by coagulation factor X. after it is activated, thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin and activates factors V and VIII

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14
Q

Clotting Factors: III: Tissue thromboplastin

A

interacts with factor VII to initiate the extrinsic clotting cascade

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15
Q

Clotting Factors: IV: Calcium

A

a co factor for most of the enzyme activated processes required in blood coagulation. also enhances platelet aggregation and makes RBCs clump together

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16
Q

Clotting Factors: V: Proaccelerin

A

a cofactor for activated factor X, which is essential for converting prothombin to thrombin

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17
Q

Clotting Factors: VI: Discovered to be an artifact

A

NONE involved in coagulation

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18
Q

Clotting Factors: VII: Procenvertin

A

activates factors IX and X, which are essential in converting prothrombin to thrombin. synthesis is vitamin K dependent

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19
Q

Clotting Factors: VIII: Antihemophilic Factor

A

together with factor IX enzymatically activates factor X. in addition, combines with another protein (von willebrand’s factor) to help platelets adhere to capillary walls in areas of tissue injury

20
Q

Clotting Factors: IX: Plama Thromboplastin component (Christmas Factor)

A

activates factor X to convert prothrombin to thrombin. essential in common pathway between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting cascade. lack of this factor is basis for hemophilia B. synthesis is vitamin K dependent.

21
Q

Clotting Factor: X: Stuart Prower Factor

A

when activated, converts prothombin to thrombin. synthesis is vitamin K dependent

22
Q

Clotting Factors: XI: Plasma Thromboplastin antecedent

A

when activated assists in activation of factor IX. however a similar factor must exist in tissues. people deficient in this factor have mild bleeding problems after surgery but do not bleed excessively as a result of trauma

23
Q

Clotting Factors: XII: Hageman Factor

A

critically important in the intrinsic pathway for activation of factor XI

24
Q

Clotting Factors: XIII: Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor

A

assists in forming cross links among the fibrin threads to form a strong fibrin clot

25
Q

Findings in Hematologic Assessment: Nail beds for cap refill (hematologic d/o versus older adult)

A

pallor or cyanosis may indicate a hematologic disorder
older adults may have thickened or discolored nails the make viewing skin color impossible
use another body area, such as lip, to assess central capillary refill

26
Q

Findings in Hematologic Assessment: Hair Distribution (hematologic d/oversus older adult)

A

thin or absent hair on trunk or extremities may indicate poor circulation to a particular area
progressive loss of body hair is a normal facet of aging
a relatively even pattern of hair loss that has occurred over an extended period is not significant

27
Q

Findings in Hematologic Assessment: Moisture (hematologic d/o versus older adult)

A

skin dryness may indicate nay of a number of hematologic disorders
skin dryness is a normal result of aging
skin moisture is usually not a reliable indicator of an underlying pathologic condition in the older adult

28
Q

Findings in Hematologic Assessment: Skin Color (hematologic d/o versus older adult)

A

skin color changes, especially pallor and jaundice, are associated with some hematologic d/o’s
pigment loss and skin yellowing are common changes associated with aging
pallor in an older adult may not be a reliable indicator of anemia. lab testing is required. yellow tinged skin in an older adult may not be a reliable indicator of increased serum bilirubin levels. lab testing is required.

29
Q

Red Blood Cell Count

A

females: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
males: 4.7-6.1million/microliter
decreased levels: anemia or hemorrhage
increased levels: chronic hypoxia or polycythemia vera

30
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

A

females: 12-16g/dL
males: 14-18g/dL
same as for RBC

31
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

females: 37%-37%
males: 42%-52%
same as for RBC

32
Q

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

A

80-95mm3

increased: macrocytic cells, possible anemia
decreased: microcytic cells, possible iron deficiency anemia

33
Q

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

A

27-31pg/cell

same as MCV

34
Q

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

A

32-36g/dL cells

increased: spherocytosis or anemia
decreased: iron deficiency anemia or hemogblobinopathy

35
Q

White Blood Cell Count

A

5,000-10,000mm3

increased: infeciton, inflammation, autoimmune d/os, leukemia
decreased: prolonged infection or bone marrow suppression

36
Q

Reticulocyte Count

A
  1. 5%-0.2% or RBC
    increased: chronic blood loss
    decreased: possible inadequate RBC production
37
Q

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

A

250-460mcg/dL

increased: iron deficiency
decreased: anemia, hemorrhage, hemolysis

38
Q

Iron (Fe)

A

females: 60-160mcg/dL
males: 80-180mcg/dL
increased: iron excess, hemochromocytosis, liver disorders, megaloblastic anemia
decreased: iron deficiency anemia, hemorrhage

39
Q

Serum Ferritin

A

females: 10-150ng/dL
males: 12-300 ng/dL
same for iron

40
Q

Platelet Count

A

150,000-400,00/mm3

increased: polycythemia vera
decreased: bone marrow suppression, autoimmune disease, hypersplenism

41
Q

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

A 
Hgb A1: 95%-98%
Hgb A2: 2%-3%
Hgb F: 0.8%-2%
Hgb S: 0
Hgb C: 0
variations indicate hemoglobinopathies
42
Q

Direct Coombs’ and indirected Coombs’ test

A

negative

positive findings indicate autobodies to RBCs

43
Q

Prothrombin Time (PT)

A

11-12.5 sec

increased: possible deficiency of clotting factors V and VII
decreased: vitamin K excess

44
Q

Bleeding Time

A

1-9min

increased: inadequate platelet function or number, clotting facter deficiencies

45
Q

Fibrin Degradation Products

A

<10mcg/mL

increased: DIC of fibrinolysis

Exam 3 MS III (1 decks)

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