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Biology Chapter 41 > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

process of organisms taking in and making use of food substances

  • Food intake and use of nutrients vary with animal and environment
  • Animals are opportunistic feeders
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2
Q

3 Categories of animal feeders

A

herbivores
carnivores
omniovres

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3
Q

Herbivores

A

eat mainly plants and algae

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4
Q

Longer alimentary canals- longer time needed to digest vegetation

A

Herbivores and Omnivores

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5
Q

Carnivores

A

eat other animals

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6
Q

Large expandable stomachs

A

Carnivores

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7
Q

Omnivores

A

consume animals and plants or algae

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8
Q

4 Classes of Essential Nutrients:

A

Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Minerals
Vitamins

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9
Q

How many Amino acids are animals required?

A

20 Amino Acids

  • Synthesize about half from molecules in diet
  • Other half must come from food to make a “complete protein”
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10
Q

Examples of Amino Acids

A
  • Meat, cheese, eggs

- Most plant are not complete proteins, need to eat specific plant combinations to get all essential amino acids

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11
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • Fatty acid deficiencies are rare

- Animals synthesize most of fatty acids needed

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12
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

include unsaturated fats (fatty acids with one or more double bonds) must be obtained from diet

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13
Q

Vitamins

A

are organic molecules required in diet in small amounts

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14
Q

What are the two categories of Vitamins?

A
  • Fat-soluble

- Water- soluble

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15
Q

Minerals

A

Simple inorganic nutrients (required in small amounts)

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16
Q

What can upset homeostatic balance if ingest large amounts?

A

minerals

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17
Q

Under-nutrition

A

When diet does not provide enough chemical energy

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18
Q

5 common reactions body goes through when undernourished?

A
  • Use up fat and carbohydrates
  • Breaks down it own proteins
  • Lose muscle mass
  • Suffer protein deficiency of brain
  • Die or suffer irreversible damage
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19
Q

What can provides info about an individuals nutrition?

A

Genetic defects that disrupt food uptake

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20
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of human health and disease in population, insight of human nutrition

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21
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

cause iron buildup without excessive iron intake

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22
Q

Deficiency of folic acid in pregnant woman results in…

A

Neural tube defects

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23
Q

Four food processing stages

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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24
Q

Ingestion

A

act of eating

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25
Q

Digestion

A

breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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26
Q

Absorption

A

up take of nutrients by body cells

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27
Q

Elimination

A

passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

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28
Q

Four types of feeders

A

Suspension and filter feeders
Substrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders

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29
Q

Chemical digestion

A

splits food into small molecules, pass thru membranes, used to build larger molecules

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30
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

chewing and increasing foods surface area

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31
Q

Enzymatic hydrolysis

A

splits bonds in molecules with water

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32
Q

Enteric division of what organ system helps regulate digestion?

A

nervous system

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33
Q

Endocrine system regulates digestion by…

A

releasing and transporting hormones

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34
Q

Two organ systems to help regulate digestion

A

Nervous and Endocrine system

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35
Q

What glands secrete digestive juices through ducts?

A

alimentary canal and accessory glands

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36
Q

Sphincters (valves)

A

regulates movement of material between compartments

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37
Q

Four accessory glands in the digestive system

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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38
Q

Peristalsis

A

(food is pushed along) rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

39
Q

Helps prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate entry into small intestines

A

Sphincters (valves)

40
Q

Which food processing stages is activates each step as needed?

A

Digestion

41
Q

Esophagus

A

connects to stomach

42
Q

Pharynx

A

opens both the esophagus and trachea

43
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A

leads to lungs

44
Q

Bolus

A

shape tongue makes and helps swallowing

45
Q

Amylase

A

initiating breakdown of glucose polymers

46
Q

1st stage of digestion is ________ and takes place in the ________

A

mechanical and oral cavity

47
Q

What in the oral cavity breaks food into smaller particles?

A

Teeth

48
Q

Salivary glands

A

delivers saliva to lubricate food

49
Q

Saliva contains mucus, a mixture of…

A

water, salt, cells, and glycoproteins

50
Q

Mucus

A

protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

51
Q

Digestion in Stomach

A

Contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles churn contents

52
Q

Stomach

A

stores food and secretes gastric juice and converts a meal into acid chyme

53
Q

Gastric juice

A
  • Has low pH (about 2)

- kills bacteria and denatures proteins

54
Q

What is made of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin?

A

gastric juice

55
Q

Pepsin

A

is protease a protein- digesting enzyme, cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

56
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately in the lumen (stomach cavity)

57
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete inactive-pepsinogen which activates when mixed with hydrochloric acid in stomach

58
Q

Small intestine

A

longest section of alimentary canal

59
Q

Major organ of digestion and absorption

A

Small intestine

60
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries of the villi to liver to heart

61
Q

Transport across epithelial cells can be passive or active

A

Depending on nutrient

62
Q

Liver

A

regulates nutrient distribution, interconverts and detoxifies organic molecules

63
Q

What organ has a large surface area due to absorption?

A

Small Intestine

64
Q

Duodenum

A

1st portion of the small intestine

65
Q

Most digestion occurs in what part of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

66
Q

What does duodenum epithelial lining produce?

A

digestive enzymes

67
Q

Pancreas

A

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of duodenum
- Solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme

68
Q

Enzymatic digestion

A

peristalsis moves chyme and digestive juices along small intestine

69
Q

Jejunum and ileum

A

absorption of nutrients and water

70
Q

Where does chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine?

A

duodenum

71
Q

Bile

A

aids in digestion and absorption of fats

72
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made in the liver stored in the gallbladder

73
Q

What destroys nonfunctional red blood cells?

A

Bile

74
Q

The colon of the large intestine is connected to the _______

A

small intestine

75
Q

Feces

A

undigested material and bacteria, becomes more solid when moved thru colon

76
Q

Rectum

A

feces is stored until eliminated thru anus

77
Q

Appendix

A

extension of cecum, play minor role in immunity

78
Q

Cecum

A

aids in fermentation of plant materials and connects where small and large intestine meet

79
Q

What controls a bowel movement?

A

Two sphincter between rectum and anus

80
Q

Two major functions of the colon

A
  • Recover water that has entered alimentary canal

- Houses bacteria that lives on unabsorbed material and vitamins

81
Q

Oxidation of glucose

A

generates ATP to fuel cellular processes

82
Q

What does the body do to energy-righ molecules that are not needed right away for metabolism?

A

Body stores the energy-rich molecules for later use

83
Q

Energy stores first in the

A

liver and muscles cells in polymer glycogen

84
Q

Where is excess energy stored

A

in adipose tissue: most space-efficient storage tissue

85
Q

Where does Glucose Homeostasis occur?

A

In the liver

86
Q

Low blood sugar causes…

A

glucagon to stimulate breakdown of glycogen and release glucose

87
Q

Carbohydrate-rich meal raises…

A

insulin levels which triggers synthesis of glycogen

88
Q

The do the hormones insulin and glucagon do?

A

regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

89
Q

What does over-nourishment cause?

A

obesity- excessive food intake energy with excess stored fat

90
Q

What common diseases does obesity contribute to?

A

diabetes (type 2), cancer (colon, breast), heart attack, and strokes

91
Q

Leptin

A

Helps suppress appetite

92
Q

Why do the petrels (bird) become obese as chicks?

A

they become obese as chicks to consume enough protein from high-fat food, chicks need more calories than they burn

93
Q

Hormones regulate long and short term appetite by affecting the “_____”

A

“satiety center” in the brain

94
Q

What produces leptin?

A

adipose tissue

Biology Chapter 41 (1 decks)

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