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Unit 7 Ecology > Chapter 40-43 > Flashcards

Chapter 40-43 Flashcards

1
Q

ZPG (zero population growth)

A

a period of stability in population size, when additions to the population through births and immigration are balanced by subtractions through deaths and emigration

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2
Q

disturbance

A

A natural or human caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it; disturbances, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities

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3
Q

macroclimate

A

large-scale patterns in climate; the climate of an entire region

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4
Q

life tables

A

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

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5
Q

community

A

all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction

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6
Q

exponential population growth

A

population growth that occurs at a constant rate

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7
Q

competitive exclusion

A

the concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the limitation of the other population

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8
Q

symbiosis

A

an ecological relationship between organisms are two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact

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9
Q

mutualism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit

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10
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat

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11
Q

trophic structure

A

the different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the root of energy flow in the pattern of chemical cycling

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12
Q

keystone species

A

a species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche

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13
Q

primary succession

A

a type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed

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14
Q

secondary succession

A

a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substrate intact

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15
Q

parasitism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host

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16
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against background

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17
Q

ecological niche

A

the sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

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18
Q

food chain

A

the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers

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19
Q

vector

A

an organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another

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20
Q

invasive species

A

a species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native ranch

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21
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them

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22
Q

producers

A

an organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic reactions) carried out by some prokaryotes

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23
Q

consumers

A

an organism that generally obtains food by feeding on other organisms organic material due to the lack of the ability to manufacture their own food from inorganic sources; a heterotroph

24
Q

decomposers

A

an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as courses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore

25
Q

limiting nutrient

A

an element that must be added for production to increase in a particular area

26
Q

trophic efficiency

A

the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

27
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

any of the various chemical cycles that involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems

28
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

29
Q

ecosystem

A

the sum of all the organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors with which they interact

30
Q

detritus

A

nonliving organic material

31
Q

eutrophication

A

the reduction in oxygen content and clarity of water

32
Q

tertiary consumers

A

carnivores that eat other carnivores

33
Q

production efficiency

A

the percentage of energy stored in a simulated food that is not use for respiration

34
Q

GPP (gross primary production)

A

the amount of energy from light converted to the chemical energy of organic molecules per unit of time

35
Q

biological augmentation

A

an approach to restoration ecology that use organisms that essential materials to degraded ecosystem

36
Q

endangered species

A

A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

37
Q

introduced species

A

species move by humans, either intentionally or accidentally, from its native location to a new geographic region; also called a non-native or exotic species

38
Q

Overharvesting

A

generally refers the harvesting of wild organisms at rates exceeding the ability of their population to rebound

39
Q

biological magnification

A

A process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level in the food chain

40
Q

greenhouse effect

A

The warming of earth due to the atmosphere of accumulation of carbon dioxide and certain other gases, which absorb reflected infrared radiation and reradiates some of that back to earth

41
Q

sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

42
Q

ecological footprint

A

The aggregate land and water area required by person, city, or nation to produce all of the resources it consumes and to absorb all of the wastes it generates

43
Q

critical load

A

The amount of that a nutrient, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity

44
Q

habit loss

A

The single greatest threat to biodiversity

45
Q

CO2

A

greenhouse gas released from the burning of fossils

46
Q

DDT

A

pesticide that prevents calcium deposition in bird egg shells

47
Q

MVP

A

minimal population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers

48
Q

movement corridor

A

A narrow strip of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches

49
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

50
Q

exponential

A

Type of population growth exhibited by human population after the industrial revolution

51
Q

Abiotic

A

non living; referring to the chemical and physical properties of an environment

52
Q

Biotic

A

Pertaining to the living factors- the organisms- in an environment

53
Q

Biomes

A

Any of the world’s major ecosystem types

54
Q

Demography

A

The study of changes over time in the vital statistics of populations, especially birth rates and death rates

55
Q

Logistic population growth

A

Population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity

56
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources (K)

57
Q

Population dynamics

A

The study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence the variations in population size

Unit 7 Ecology (1 decks)

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