Chapter 40

Question 1

What is the difference in benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 1

• Benign- grow slowly, well-differentiated, do not metastasize
  *Malignant- grow rapidly, poorly differentiated, does metastasize

Question 2

Why are tumor markers helpful with screening and management of certain cancers? What is their drawback?

Answer 2

• Tumor Markers: substances that are produced by cancer cells
• Helpful: Screening of high risk patients, diagnosis of specific type of tumor, and follow course of cancer and response to treatment
• Drawbacks: non-malignant cells can also markers; therefore, not used alone for diagnosis of cancer

Question 3

Why does the risk of cancer increase with aging?

Answer 3

Develop 2nd hit, lose telomerase (protective cap) over time

Question 4

Some women may have inherited the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 genetic mutation. What cancers do those increase the
risk for?

Answer 4

Breast Cancer and ovarian cancer

Question 5

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 5

Development of new blood vessels

Question 6

What changes are necessary for local spread and metastasis of cancer cells?

Answer 6

• cellular proliferation
• angiogenesis
• digestion of capsules and barriers by lytic enzymes
• decreased cell-to-cell adhesion increase motility of tumor cells

Question 7

What are known causes of cancer (cooking methods, different exposures, viruses, etc.)

Answer 7

• Heredity - Obesity
• Hormones
• immune system (AIDS, immunosuppressant drugs)
• chemical carcinogens (tobacco, pesticide, tobacco)
• viruses (Hep B, HPV, Hep C)
• chronic inflammation
• bacteria
• radiation exposure

Question 8

How does the immune system help fight against cancer? What happens with age?

Answer 8

• The immune system has potential for recognizing and destroying cancer cells.
• The immune system gets weaker as you age
• Idea: Stop or Interrupt the synthesis and mitosis stage

Question 9

What does cachexia cause?

Answer 9

• Loss of weight and decreases muscle mass
• Malnutrition and muscle wasting
• Weakness, anemias, emaciation, decrease quality of life

Question 10

How does chemotherapy destroy cells and what are some common side effects?

Answer 10

Interrupts cell cycle during synthesis phase and some on mitosis phase, destroys fast growing cells.

Question 11

What are the different types of bone cancer?

Answer 11

Osteosarcoma,Chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma

Question 12

Osteosarcoma

Answer 12

type of cancer that produces immature bone

Question 13

Chondrosarcoma

Answer 13

a malignant tumor composed of cartilage-producing cells

Question 14

Tumor angiogenesis

Answer 14

cancer cells need blood supply
- secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Question 15

Mutation of cancer associated genes

Answer 15

cause activation of processes that increase risk for cancer
- result in angiogenesis, suppression of ability to repair damaged DNA, suppression of apoptosis

Question 16

Ewing’s sarcoma

Answer 16

rare type of cancer that occurs in bones or in the soft tissue around the bones

Question 17

Adenoma

Answer 17

benign tumor, glandular tissue, or organ

Question 18

leukemia

Answer 18

cancerous changes in the leukocytes

Question 19

lipoma

Answer 19

derived from fat cells

Question 20

hemangioma

Answer 20

collection of blood vessels skin or internal organ

Question 21

desmoid tumor

Answer 21

can be highly invasive but don’t metastasize

Question 22

nevi

Answer 22

noncancerous moles on the skin

Question 23

myoma

Answer 23

muscle tumor

Question 24

carcinoma

Answer 24

malignant epithelial cells that line inner and outer surfaces

Question 25

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 25

cancer of the glandular or ductal tissue

Question 26

sarcoma

Answer 26

connective tissue, cartilage, and bone

Question 27

osteoma

Answer 27

benign tumor of bone
- osteosarcoma is malignant

Question 28

chondroma

Answer 28

benign tumor of cartilage
- chondrosarcoma is malignant

Question 29

lymphoma

Answer 29

cancerous lymphocytes in the lymphoid tisses

Question 30

AJC malignant tumor staging

Answer 30

0: carcinoma in situ (hasnt invaded basement membrane)
1: confined to organ of origin
2: locally invasive
3: spread to regional structures; like lymph
4: spread to distant sites

Question 31

TNM malignant tumor staging

Answer 31

T(1-4): tumor size/ local invasion
N (0-3): lymph involvement
M (0-1): presence of metastisis

Question 32

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 32

• not due to tumor (ex: hormone like substances secreted)
• immune rxns to neoplasm may present with cutaneous signs
• 1st sign or symptom of cancer

Question 33

Side effects of cancer treatment

Answer 33

• Hair and skin: alopecia, dry skin
• GI: mouth ulcers, dysphagia, malabsorption, diarrhea
• Bone marrow: RBC (anemia, fatigue), Platelets (thrombocytopenia, bleeding), WBC (leukopenia, infection)
• Reproductive tract: may affect sperm and eggs