Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems Flashcards
A community’s water supply system has always accounted for such a significant percentage of the fire protection ratings that were assigned by the:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Insurance Services Office (ISO) and other rating bureaus
The 4 basic components of a water supply system are:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- A water supply source
- Water treatment facilities
- A mechanism for forcing water through the system
- A system of piping to transport the water through the community
Any given community usually has only one water supply system for:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Domestic consumption, industrial applications, and fire protection
Secondary water supply systems intended solely for fire department use typically utilize _______-volume, _____-pressure supplies of water:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
High-volume, Low-pressure
Secondary water supply systems intended solely for fire department use typically use ____________ water:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Untreated (Non-potable)
Secondary water supply systems intended solely for fire department use may not even be continually _________:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Pressurized
To help ensure that fire department’s concerns will be addressed when a water system is constructed or modified, It is important to have an excellent working relationship with the:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Water system operator
What are the 3 basic rates of consumption?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- Average daily consumption (ADC)
- Maximum daily consumption (MDC)
- Peak hourly consumption (PHC)
What is the Average Daily Consumption?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
The average of the total amount of water used daily in a water system over a period of 1 year
What is the Maximum Daily Consumption?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Maximum total amount of water that was used during any 24-hour interval within a 3 year period
What is the Peak Hourly Consumption?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
The maximum amount of water used in any 1-hour interval over the course of the day
The maximum daily consumption is usually about how many times the average daily consumption?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
1.5 times
The peak hourly rate usually varies from how many times the normal hourly rate?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
2 to 4 times
What are the 2 basic categories of water supply sources?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Groundwater and Surface water
Which of the 2 basic categories of water supply sources is the most commonly used?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Surface water
The volume of surface water supplies is most greatly affected by:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Variations in rainfall
Which types of surface water supplies experience greater impacts from rain fall and or drought conditions?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Rivers and streams
Which types of surface water supplies tend to be fairly stable in water quality and not as quickly affected by decreased rainfall?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Lakes, Reservoirs, and ponds
In general, surface water supply sources tend to:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Have softer water, more suspended solids and colors, more bacterial contaminants, and deplete more rapidly during periods of low rainfall than ground water
What are the 2 primary types of ground water sources used as water supplies for domestic systems?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Wells and Springs
A well that is under pressure and wants the water level to be above the level of the ground are called:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Artesian or flowing wells
In general, ground water supply sources tend to:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Have harder water, be clearer, have less bacteria and need less treatment, and less affected by periods of decreased rainfall than surface water
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 specified:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Requirements for purification and limits for contamination in drinking water
What are the 4 basic processes to remove contaminants from water:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Coagulation
- Chemical additions
This process to remove contaminants from water uses gravity to cause particles to fall out of the water:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Sedimentation
This process to remove contaminants from water introduces a chemical to the water that causes solid particles to bond together forming larger pieces which are caught by filters:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Coagulation
Which 2 elements found in water cause hard water?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Calcium and Magnesium
Which element found in water greatly improves the strength and overall health of our teeth?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Fluoride
What are the 3 basic types of water movement systems?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- Gravity
- Direct pumping
- Combination
In a gravity system, the _____ pressure created by the higher elevation provides the energy to move the water through the entire system?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Head pressure
For every foot of elevation drop, water gains ______ psi?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
.433 psi
Which of the basic types of water movement systems is the least common?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Gravity
Which of the basic types of water movement systems are most commonly found in jurisdictions where the system’s water supply source is located at the same elevation as or lower than the system it provides?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Direct pumping system
What are the most commonly used drivers used to power water pumps in a distribution system?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Electric drivers followed by diesel drivers
Most direct pumping systems are controlled by:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Computer
The most common type of water movement systems in North America if the:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Combination system
This component of the water system receives the water from the pumping station and delivers it throughout the area served:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
The distribution component
The distribution system includes:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Pipes, valves, meters, and fire hydrants
The ability of a water system to deliver an adequate quantity of water relies upon the:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Carrying capacity of the system’s network of pipes
What are the 3 common designs for water supply system piping arrangements?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- Tree system
- Circle, or belt system
- Grid system
The primary disadvantage of this water supply system piping arrangement is that most places in this system receive water supply in only one direction:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Tree system
These water supply system piping arrangements contain a central primary supply pipe that feeds branch distribution lines throughout the jurisdiction:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Tree system
These water supply system piping arrangements are usually found in small jurisdictions or in private systems that supply an industry or small complex:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Circle, or belt system
These water supply system piping arrangements are commonly used for the secondary fire protection water supply system in large cities:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Circle, or belt system
These water supply system piping arrangements are not commonly used for municipal domestic consumption water supply systems:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Circle, or belt system
Most modern water supply system piping arrangements of of this type:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Grid system
These water supply system piping arrangements are the most reliable:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Grid system
This water supply system piping arrangements utilize an inter-looped system of pipes connected at standard intervals to provide a reliable, multi-directional flow of water throughout the system:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Grid system
A grid system generally consists of these 3 piping components:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- Primary feeders
- Secondary feeders
- Distributors
These piping components of a grid system are the largest pipes (Mains):
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Primary feeders
These piping components of a grid system are intermediate-sized pipes that reinforce the grid:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Secondary feeders
These piping components of a grid system aid in the concentration of the required fire flow at any point:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Secondary feeders
These piping components of a grid system are the smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers throughout the system:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Distributors
One of the primary advantages of a grid system is that most fire hydrants:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Can receive water from 2 directions
A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction are referred to as:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Dead-end hydrants
To give 2 directions of flow, secondary feeders should be arranged in _________, as far as possible:[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Loops
The earliest water supply systems used piping made from:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Hollowed logs
What diameter range do primary feeders normally run:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
8-72 inches
What diameter range do secondary feeders normally run?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
6-36 inches
What diameter range do distributors normally run?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
4-20 inches
The American Waterworks Association currently recommends a minimum diameter of __ inches for any new pipe installation:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
8 inches
Valves for water distribution systems are broadly divided into these two types:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Indicating and non-indicating
2 common types of indicator valves are:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
- Post indicating valves
2. Outside Screw and yoke valves
What 2 words are printed on the valve stem inside the post, which indicates the position of the valve?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Open and Shut
This type of indicator valve is commonly used on private water supply systems:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Post indicating valve
Outside screw and yoke valves are most commonly found on:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Sprinkler systems
Most valves in municipal water distribution are of the _________ type:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Non-indicating
Control valves in water distribution systems may use either ___________ mechanisms or __________ mechanisms to control flow:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Gate mechanisms, or butterfly mechanisms
Non-rising-stem gate valves should be marked with a number indicating:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
How many turns are necessary to completely close the valve
These valves are considered tight closing, and the valve disk rotates 90 degrees from the fully open, to the fully closed position:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Butterfly valves
What association has adopted specifications for a national standard hydrant for ordinary waterworks service in the US?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
American Waterworks Association
The 2 main types of modern fire hydrant are:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Dry-barrel and Wet-barrel
Standard hydrants are usually equipped with a __ inch valve opening and a __ inch connection to the water main?
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
5 inch, 6 inch
The principle specifications covered by the standard for hydrants are:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
The number of threads per inch, and outside diameter of the male thread
These types of hydrants are used in areas that receive freezing temperatures:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Dry-barrel hydrants
If a dry-barrel hydrant does not drain completely, a firefighter should use a _________ __________ to remove the remaining water and report the hydrant to the water department for repair:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Dewatering pump
This type of hydrant features a valve at the hose outlet and is used in mild climates where prevailing weather conditions are above freezing:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Wet-barrel hydrants
Firefighters should be aware of leaks in the following areas anytime a fire hydrant is used:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
At the main valve when the valve is closed.
At the drain valve when the main valve is open but the outlets are capped.
In the water mains near the hydrant.
Hydrants should be color coded according to a local system or this NFPA standard:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
NFPA 291, Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing and Marking Hydrants
Private water supply systems are most commonly found on:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Large commercial, industrial, or institutional properties
Most private water supply systems maintain separate piping for:
[Fire Service Hydraulics and Water Supply: Chapter 4: Water Distribution Systems]
Fire protection and domestic/industrial services
