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AP Stats > Chapter 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

In a statistical study, the population is the entire group of individuals about which we want information

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2
Q

Sample

A

The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population

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3
Q

Census

A

A study that attempts to collect data from every individual in the population

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4
Q

Sample Design

A

Plan created to capture a sample of the population

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5
Q

Voluntary Response Sample

A

People decided whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias

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6
Q

Convenience Sample

A

A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias

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7
Q

Bias

A

The design of a statistical study shows bias if it systematically favors certain outcomes

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8
Q

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A

The basic random sampling method. An SRS gives every possible sample of a given size the same chance to be chosen. We often choose an SRS by labeling the members of the population and using random digits to select the sample.

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9
Q

Stratified Random Sample

A

To select a stratified random sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample

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10
Q

Cluster Sample

A

To take a cluster sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these clusters should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the clusters. All individuals in the chosen clusters are included in the sample

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11
Q

Undercoverage

A

A sampling error that occurs when some members in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample

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12
Q

Nonresponse

A

Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a non sampling error

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13
Q

Response Bias

A

A systematic pattern of incorrect responses in a sample survey.

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14
Q

Wording of Questions

A

The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey’s outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters

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15
Q

Observational Study

A

Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses

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16
Q

Experiment

A

Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses

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17
Q

Lurking Variable

A

A variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable

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18
Q

Confounding

A

When two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other

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19
Q

Experimental Units

A

The smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied

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20
Q

Subjects

A

Experimental units that are human beings

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21
Q

Treatment

A

A specific experimental condition applied to the units

22
Q

Factors

A

The explanatory variable in an experiment

23
Q

Level

A

A specific value of an explanatory variable (factor) in an experiment

24
Q

Random Assignment

A

The experimental values are assigned to treatments at random, that is, using some sort of chance process

25
Q

Control Group

A

An experimental group whose primary purpose is to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the other treatments. Depending on the purpose of the experiment, a control group may be given a placebo or an active treatment

26
Q

Placebo

A

An inactive (fake) treatment

27
Q

Control

A

An important experimental design principle. Researchers should control for lurking variables that might affect the response by using a comparative design and ensuring that the only systematic difference between the groups is the treatment administered

28
Q

Replication

A

An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups

29
Q

Double Blind

A

An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variables know which treatment a subject received

30
Q

Single Blind

A

An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not not both, know which treatment a subject received

31
Q

Statistically Significant

A

An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance

32
Q

Block

A

A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments

33
Q

Randomized Block Design

A

Start by forming blocks consisting of individuals that are similar in some way that is important to the response. Random assignment of treatments is then carried out separately within each block

34
Q

Explanatory Variable

A

A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable

35
Q

Response Variable

A

A variable that measures an outcome of a study

36
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorable to any treatment, even an inactive one (placebo)

37
Q

Matched Pairs

A

A common form of blocking for comparing just two treatments. In some matched pairs designs, each subject receives both treatments in a random order. In others, the subjects are matched in pairs as closely as possible, and each subject in a pair is randomly assigned to receive one of the treatments

38
Q

Nonsampling Errors

A

The most serious errors in most careful surveys are non sampling errors. These have nothing to do with choosing a sample - they are present even in a census. Some common examples of non sampling errors are nonresponse, response bias, and errors due to question wording

39
Q

Sampling Frame

A

The list from which a sample is actually chosen

40
Q

Table of Random Digits

A

A long string of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 with these properties:
• Each entry in the table is equally likely to be any of the 10 digits 0 through 9.
• The entries are independent of each other. That is, knowledge of one part of the table gives no information about any other part.

41
Q

Random Sampling

A

The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling.

42
Q

Anonymity

A

When the names of individuals participating in a study are not known even to the director of the study

43
Q

Completely Randomized Design

A

When the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance

44
Q

Confidentiality

A

A basic principle of data ethics that requires individual data to be kept private

45
Q

Inference About Cause and Effect

A

Using the results of an experimental to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units

46
Q

Inference About The Population

A

Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest

47
Q

Informed Consent

A

A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing

48
Q

Lack of Realism

A

When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers’ ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest.

49
Q

Margin of Error

A

A numerical estimate of how far the sample result is likely to be from the truth about the population due to sampling variability

50
Q

Sampling Error

A

Mistakes made in the process of taking a sample that could lead to inaccurate information about the population. Bad sampling methods and undercoverage are common types of sampling error.

51
Q

Sample Survey

A

A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample.

52
Q

Strata

A

Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses

AP Stats (2 decks)

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