Chapter 4 - Upper Limb Flashcards
Scaphoid
Navicular
Lunate
Semilunar
Triquetrum
Triquetral, Cuneiform, triangular
Pisiform
No other name
Trapezium
Greater multangular
Capitate
Os Magnum
Trapezoid
Lesser multangular
Hamate
Unciform
Articulates with the radius proximally
Lunate
Articulates anteriorly with the hamate
Triquetrum
Number of phalanges
14
Number of metacarpals
5
Number of carpal bones
8
Proximal row of carpal bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Carpal bones in the distal row
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Bones in the hand
27
Bone on lateral side of forearm
Radius
Bone on the medial side of the forearm
Ulna
Which bone classification are the metacarpals?
Long
Which bone classification are the carpal bones?
Short
Which bones articulate with the heads of the metacarpal bones?
Proximal phalanges
What group of bones articulates with the bases of metacarpal bones?
Carpals
What part of a metacarpal bone (base or head) forms part of each metocarpophalangeal joint?
Head
Which of the following types of upper limb joints are formed in part by the bases of the metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal
How are the metacarpals identified?
Numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial side (little finger side)
What is the most distal portion of each metacarpal?
Head
How many proximal phalanges are found in one hand?
5
How many middle phalanges are found in one hand?
4
How many distal phalanges are found in one hand?
5
What kinds of movements do the interphalangeal joints allow?
Flexion and extension
Which joint is the most distal joint in the upper limb?
Distal interphalangeal
What other name refers to the radiocarpal joint?
Wrist joint proper
On which end of the radius (proximal or distal) is the styloid process located?
Distal
On which end of the radius (proximal or distal) is the radial head located?
Proximal
On which end of the ulna (proximal or distal) is the styloid process located?
Distal
On which end of the ulna (proximal or distal) is the olecranon process located?
Proximal
Which two bony processes are located on the proximal end of the Ulna?
Olecranon process and coronoid process
Which of the following is located on the proximal ulna?
Trochlear notch
On which bone is the trochlear notch located?
Ulna
Which joint do the radial notch of the ulna and the head of the radius form?
Proximal radioulnar
Which joint do the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius form?
Distal radioulnar
With which of the following structures of the distal humerus does the radial head articulate?
Capitulum
With which of the following structures of the distal humerus does the trochlear notch articulate?
Trochlea
Which three articulations form the complete elbow joint:
Radiocarpal Humeroulnar Humeroradial Scapulohumeral Distal radioulnar Proximal radioulnar
Humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar
With reference to the capitulum, where is the trochlea located?
Medial
What are the articulations of the humerus?
Humeroulnar, humeroradial and scapulohumeral
What are the names each fossa found on the distal humerus? Which surface are each located on?
Coronoid fossa - anterior
Olecranon fossa - posterior
Prominence on the anterior surface of distal, medial humerus?
Trochlea
End of bone on which radial head is located
Proximal
Depression on posterior surface of distal humerus?
Olecranon fossa
Medial to trapezium
Trapezoid
Carpal between scaphoid and triquetrum?
Lunate
Finger bones
Phalanges
Portion of distal humerus that articulates with radial head?
Capitulum
Raised process on proximal, lateral humerus
Greater Tubercle
Prominent process on proximal ulna
Olecranon
End of bone on which ulnar head is located
Distal
Carpal that articulates with third metacarpal
Capitate
Distal process on radius and ulna
Styloid
Bones in the wrist
Carpals
Carpal bone with hooklike process
Hamate
IP portion of DIP abbreviation
Interphalangeal
Lateral bone of forearm
Radius
Palpable landmarks on each side of distal humerus
Epicondyles
Bones in the palm of the hand
Metacarpals
Process located on anterior, proximal ulna
Coronoid
Upper arm bone
Humerus
On which hand surface should the hand be rested when performing the lateral projection image of the fourth or fifth digit?
Medial (ulnar)
For lateral projections of the third or fourth digit, why should the affected digit be positioned so that its long axis is parallel with the IR?
To demonstrate the bones and joints accurately
How many degrees from the PA position should a finger be rotated for PA oblique projection?
45 degrees
Which two groups of joints of the hand and digits should be demonstrated open on the image of the PA projection of the hand?
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal
Which projection of the hand should demonstrate superimposed phalanges?
Lateral, in extension
Group of bones that are the primary interest in lateral projection of hand?
Phalanges
Lateral hand projection is best used to demonstrate:
- Foreign bodies
- Displacement of fractures in the metacarpals
- The phalanges
1 and 2 only
What projection of the thumb may be substituted if the patient is unable to maintain the required position for the AP projection?
PA
All thumb images should include which carpal within the collimated field?
Trapezium
For the lateral projection of the wrist, how should the elbow be positioned?
Flexed 90 degrees
For the lateral projection of the wrist, which surface of the wrist should be in contact with the IR?
Medial
What bones should be superimposed for the lateral projection of the wrist?
Metacarpals, carpals, radius, ulna
How much should the wrist wash rotated for the PA oblique projection?
45 degrees
For the PA oblique projection when the scaphoid is of primary interest, the scaphoid can sometimes be better demonstrated if the patient deviates the hand and wrist toward the:
Ulna
Which bone is of interest in the PA projection of the wrist in Ulnar deviation?
Scaphoid
To delineate a fracture line better with a PA projection of the wrist in Ulnar deviation, how many degrees and in which direction may the central ray be directed?
10 to 15 degrees proximally or distally
Which carpal bone is of interest in the PA projection of the wrist (stecher method)?
Scaphoid
How far from horizontal should the IR be inclined toward the elbow in the Stecher method (PA projection of the wrist)?
20 degrees
When using a wedge to elevate the IR in the stecher method (pa projection of the wrist), how should the central ray be directed toward the wrist?
Perpendicularly
If no wedge is used to angle the IR in the Stecher method, how should the central ray be directed toward the wrist?
At a 20-degree angle toward the elbow
In the tangential (Gaynor-hart) method, how should the long axis of the hand be positioned, in reference to the plane of the IR?
Vertical
In the tangential (Gaynor-hart) method, how should the central ray be angled, in reference to the long axis of the hand?
25 to 30 degrees
For the AP projection of the forearm, how should the elbow be positioned?
Fully extended
If the hand is probated for the AP projection of the forearm, the image will demonstrate the:
Radius and ulna crossed over each other
For the lateral projection of the forearm, how should the elbow be positioned?
Flexed 90 degrees
True or false: The hand should be probated for the lateral projection.
False: lateral w/thumb side up
For the AP projection of the elbow, why should the hand be positioned with the palm facing up?
To prevent rotation of the bones of the forearm
For the lateral projection of the elbow, how should the hand be adjusted?
Lateral with the thumb side up
How many degrees of flexion of the elbow are necessary for the lateral projection?
90 degrees
How should the humeral epicondyles appear in the image of the lateral projection of the elbow?
Superimposed
How much medial rotation of the elbow is needed to position it for AP oblique projections?
45 degrees
Which AP oblique projection positioning movement (medial rotation or lateral rotation) requires the hand to be pronated?
Medial rotation
For the AP distal humerus projection (partially flexed elbow), what part of the upper limb should be parallel and in contact with the IR?
Distal humerus
In the AP distal humerus projection (partially flexed elbow) what part of the upper limb will appear greatly foreshortened in the image?
Proximal radius and ulna
For the AP proximal forearm projection (partially flexed elbow) what part of the upper limb should be parallel and in contact with the IR?
Radius and ulna
Distal humerus will be foreshortened
AP proximal forearm projection (partially flexed elbow)
Coronoid process should be seen in profile
AP oblique projection, medial rotation position
Olecranon process should be seen in profile
Lateral projection
Radial head should be projected free of of the ulna
AP oblique projection, lateral rotation position
Humeral epicondyles should not be rotated or superimposed
AP projection
How should the hand be placed for the AP projection of the humerus?
Supinated
The superimposition of what structures confirms that a true lateral image was produced?
Humeral epicondyles
Where is the centering point for the central ray for the AP projection of the the thumb?
First metacarpophalangeal joint
Which projection of the thumb requires the patient to rotate the hand into extreme internal rotation?
AP projection
Where is the centering point for the central ray for the PA projection of the third digit of the hand?
Proximal interphalangeal joint of the 3rd digit
