Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues and what do they do?

A

They are a group of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function. Each tissue preforms functions to maintain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four types of tissues in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are fixed tissues?

A

When the tissue is preserved in solvent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are sectioned tissues?

A

When the tissue is cut into thin slices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are stained tissues?

A

When tissues are enhanced with contrast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelia: external and internal surfaces.
  2. Glandular epithelia: secretory(secretion) tissue in glands.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

A

To protect, absorb, filtrate, and sensory reception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the five characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissues
  4. Avascular, but innervated
  5. Regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is polarity?

A

When the membranes have one free surface called the apical surface. Beneath the surface on the opposite side is called the basal surface, which faces inwards towards the body. The adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells is called the basal lamina. The basal surface adheres to the basal lamina. They are mostly smooth and have microvilli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are specialized contracts?

A

Epithelial tissue cells that are packed tight together to form membranes or a sheet of cells. They are bound together by specialized junctions such as tight junctions and desmosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does epithelial tissues need to be supported by connective tissue?

A

All epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue. The cells are attached and supported by an adhesive basement membrane. The membrane reinforces epithelial sheet, resists stretching, and tearing. It also contains reticular lamina(connective tissue cells) which consists of network of collagen fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is avascular?

A

The epithelia are supplied by nerve fibers, but have no blood vessels are found in the tissue. Instead they depend on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Epithelial cells can easily divide to regenerate the tissue. This is important because some cells are exposed to friction, some to hostile substances, resulting in damage.
So the epithelial tissues require adequate nutrients for cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the types of epithelial cells?

A
  1. First name indicates number of cell layers
  2. Second name indicates shape of cells
  • Simple epithelia are a single layer thick and are attached to the basement membrane.
  • Stratified epithelia are two or more layers thick and involved in protection. Basal cells divide and migrate toward surface. In stratified epithelia, shape can vary in each layer, so cell is named according to the shape in apical layer.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the epithelial cell shapes?

A
  • Squamous: flattened and scale-like
  • Cuboidal: box-like, cube
  • Columnar: tall, column-like
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

It is Involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes. The cells are flattened laterally with disc shaped central nuclei, and cytoplasm is sparse. It is typically found in the..

  • Endothelium: lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart.
  • Mesothelium: serous membranes in the ventral body cavity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

A single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. It is involved in secretion and absorption.
Forms the walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A

A single layer of tall cells with round/oval nuclei, closely packed cells, and some cells have microvilli or cilia. They absorb, and secrete mucus/enyzmes/substances. Found in digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is psedostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Cells vary in height and appear to be multi-layered and stratified. Tissue is in fact single-layered simple epithelium that may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells or cilia. Involved in secretion, particularly of mucus, and also in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action.
Located mostly in upper respiratory tract and ducts of large glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

A thick membrane composed of several cell layers. Free surface is squamous, with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers. It protects underlying tissues that are subject to abrasion. Located in areas of high wear and tear (example: skin, mouth, vagina).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Generally two layers of cubelike cells that protect the body. Found in some sweat, salivary glands, and mammary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Several cell layers, with the basal cells more cuboidal and the superficial cells more elongated or columnar. Rare cells in the body and are for protection or secretion.
Small amounts found in pharynx and in male urethra and some large ducts of glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are transitional epithelium?

A

Resembles both stratified squamous(surface cells) and stratified cuboidal(basal cells). It functions include stretching. Allows for increased flow of urine and more storage space in the bladder. It is found in the bladder and part of the urethra.

25
Q

What is a gland?

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid; a secretion. Classified by the site of product release and the relative number of cells forming the gland.

26
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

They are ductless glands since they lose their structure as they develop. They secrete hormones, messenger chemicals, or blood to their specific target organs.
Secretions are not released into a duct, but are released into surrounding interstitial fluid, which is then picked up by circulatory system.

27
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

They retain their ducts by secrete products into ducts and releasing secretions into body surfaces. They can be unicellular or multicellular.

28
Q

What are unicellular glands?

A

They are mucous cells and goblet cells. All produce mucin, a sugar-protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus, a slimy protective, and a lubricating coating. Often found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts.

29
Q

What are multicellular glands?

A

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a secretory unit. They are surrounded by supportive connective tissue, and can be classified by structure and mode of secretion.

30
Q

What are connective tissues?

A

Found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or apart of various body organ. It is the most abundant and widely distributed among the tissue types.

31
Q

What are the major functions or connective tissues?

A
  1. Binding and support
  2. Protecting
  3. Insulating
  4. Storing reserve fuel
  5. Transporting substances
32
Q

What are the common characteristics of connective tissues?

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Fibers
  3. Cells
33
Q

What is ground substance for connective tissues?

A

They are unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells. Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells. It contains Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. With
water also trapped in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance.

34
Q

What are the fibers of connective tissues?

A

They allow for stretch and recoil. The types include..

  1. Collagen: strongest and most abundant type. They are tough providing high tensile strength.
  2. Elastic fibers: networks of long, thin, elastin fibers which allows for stretch and recoil.
  3. Reticular: short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers. They form branching networks.
35
Q

What are the cells of connective tissues?

A
  1. Blast cells: Immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and fibers. Chondroblasts are found in cartilage and osteoblasts found in bone.
    2, Cyte cells: less active form of blast cells; helps maintain health of matrix.
  2. Fat cells: Store nutrients
  3. White blood cells: Examples include neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and are tissue response to injury.
  4. Mast cells: Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect.
  5. Macrophages: Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system.
36
Q

What are the three loose connective tissues?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
37
Q

What are the dense connective tissues?

A
  1. Dense regular
  2. Dense irregular
  3. Elastic
38
Q

What is areolar connective tissue?(loose)

A

A gel-like matrix with three fiber type cells fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. It supports and binds other tissues. It functions as universal packing material between other tissues. The loose fibers allow for increased ground substance. Found under the epithelia, surrounds capillaries, and packages the organs.

39
Q

What is adipose connective tissue?(loose)

A

Very sparse white fat cells. Functions in shock absorption, insulation, energy storage, and has greater nutrient storage. Uses lipid fuels to heat bloodstream rather than to produce ATP. Found in the skin, kidneys, eyeballs, and breasts.

40
Q

What is reticular connective tissue?(loose)

A

A network of fibers in typical loose ground substance.
The fibers form a soft internal skeleton(stroma) that supports other cell types like white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
-Fibers are thinner reticular fibers
-Fibroblast cells are called reticular cells
-Fibers form a mesh-like stroma that acts as a support for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

41
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue?

A

Mostly parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers. It contains fibroblasts are the main type of cell. It attaches muscles to bones to bones or to other muscles. Found in the tendons and ligaments. They can withstand tension.

42
Q

What is elastic connective tissue?

A

Contains a high portion of elastic fibers. Allows recoil of tissue and stretching. It helps the arteries need to stretch when blood enters and recoil to push blood out. It also aids in the recoil of the lungs.

43
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers(thick), some elastic, and fibroblast cells. They form sheets rather than bundles. It is able to withstand tension exerted in many directions and protects structural strength. Found in the dermis of the skin and fibrous capsules of the joints.

44
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
45
Q

What is hyaline cartliage?

A

A firm matrix of collagen fibers. It supports/reinforces, a resilient cushion, and resists compressive stress. It is the most abundant and found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs.

46
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

An abundance of elastic fibers in the matrix. It maintains structure while allowing flexibility. It found in the external ear and the epiglottis.

47
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

It is between a hyaline and dense regular tissue, containing thick collagen fibers. It absorbs shock and is found in the intervertebral discs and knee.

48
Q

What is osseous tissue?

A

It is bone, consisting of a hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers. Osseous tissue does/has..

  1. Supports and protects body structures
  2. Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
  3. Has more collagen compared to cartilage
  4. Has inorganic calcium salts
  5. Osteoblasts produce matrix
  6. Osteocytes maintain the matrix
  7. Osteons: individual structural units
49
Q

What is blood?

A

Most atypical connective tissue because it is fluid.
Consists of cells surrounded by matrix (plasma) such as
red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets. These Fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting. Functions in transport and in carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, and other substances.

50
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Responsible for most types of movement. It has myofilaments which are made up of actin and myosin proteins that bring about contraction.

51
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
52
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

They are attached to and causes movement of bones,
also called voluntary muscle. Appears striated or banded.
The Skeletal muscles can be consciously controlled by muscle fibers. Located in the skeletal muscles attached to bones or sometimes skin.

53
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Found only in walls of heart. It is an involuntary muscle that contains striations. Cells can have many branches that join branches of other cardiac cells. Has intercalated discs which are special joints where cardiac cells are joined.

54
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Spindle-shaped cells arranged closely to form sheets it has central nuclei with no striations. Found mainly in walls of hollow organs (other than heart) and is an involuntary muscle.

55
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

The main component of nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves). It involves neurons, which are specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses.
It regulates and controls body functions. Contains supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons.

56
Q

What are the covering and lining membranes?

A
  1. Cutaneous membranes
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Serous membranes
57
Q

What are cutaneous membranes?

A
  • Another name for skin
  • Epidermis attached to a thick layer of connective tissue dermis
  • Dry membrane
58
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A
  • Line body cavities that are open to the exterior (example: digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts)
  • Moist membranes bathed by secretions
59
Q

What are serous membranes?

A
  • Found in closed ventral body cavities
  • Constructed from simple squamous epithelium (called mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue
  • Parietal serosae line internal body cavity walls
  • Visceral serosae cover internal organs
  • Special names given to show location: pleurae (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdomen)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions