Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards
Simple cuboidal-secretion and absorption
L-kidney tubules, ducts & secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
F-secretion and absorption
Simple columnar-absorption and secretion
L-lining stomach & intestine;
Noncilitated= digestive tract, gallbladder
Cilitated= bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus
F- absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes. Cilitated types propels mucus
Stratified squamous
Areas subject to friction
L- nonkeratinized (alive)= moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina, rectum;
Keratinized (dead)= forms epidermis of skin;
F- protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Stratified cuboidal (not very common)
Areas subject to friction
L- testis tubules, vesicular follicles of ovary, sabaceous (sweat) glands, mammary glands
F-protection
Stratified columnar (even more rare)
Areas subject to friction
L- part of pharynx & larynx, wall of male urethra, excretory ducts of salivary & mammary glands
F-protection
Pseudostratified columnar
L-noncilitated= male sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
Cilitated= lines trachea, most of upper respiratory tract
F- secretion, particularly by mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Loose (areolar) conn tissue
Most widespread conn tissue
L- forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
F- wraps & cushions organs; it’s microphages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds & conveys tissue fluid
Loose (adipose) conn tissue
Fat tissue
L- under skin; around kidneys & eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
F-provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports & protects organs
Loose (reticular) conn tissue
L- lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
F- fibers form soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages; supports soft organs; in lymph nodes, mesh of fibers filter pathogens allowing phagocytes to engulf and destroy
Dense (regular) conn tissue
L-tendons, ligaments
F- attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
Dense (irregular) conn tissue
L- dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
F- able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
Hyaline cartilage conn tissue
- Most abundant cartilage tissue
- Tough and pliable
- forms most of embryonic skeleton
L- articular cartilage (outer ends of long bones) acts as shock absorber.. JOINTS Costal cartilage (connecting the rib to the sternum) cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx (airway) F- supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
Fibrocartilage conn tissue
L- intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
F- tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Bundles of collagen fibers alternating with rows of chondrocytes
Their proteoglycans are substituted for fibroblasts
Herniated/ruptured disk pressing on nerve leaving spinal canal, causing sciatica
Elastic cartilage conn tissue
Similar to hyaline but has plenty of elastic fibers in the matrix
L- supports external ear (pinna); epiglottis
F- maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility and stretching
Blood conn tissue
L- within blood vessels
F- transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes; maintains constant body temp at 98.6 and pH at 7.4; ward off invasion of harmful microbes
Bone conn tissue
Highly vascular; repairs itself when fractured
- hard & rigid conn tissue
- osteocytes embedded in unique matrix containing collagen & mineral salt crystals (66% intracellular matrix) making bone HARD
L-bones
F- provides support and protection for body, serve as points of attachment for muscles, calcified matrix serves as mineral reservoir for body, contains red bone marrow producing RBC
2 types: compact ; spongy bone
Skeletal muscle tissue
L- skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
F- voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of environment; facial expression
Myoblast (slow growing) like cells called stem cells or satellite cells help in limited repair of injured fibers
-multinucleated; striations
Cardiac muscle tissue
L-walls of the heart
F- as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
- uni-nucleated; striated
- intercalated discs-dark bands that interlock cells
- cytoskeleton has high degree of contractility
Smooth muscle tissue
L- walls of hollow organs
F-propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control; visceral muscle
-no striations
Nervous tissue
L- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
-ectodermal
F- transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors (muscles glands) which control their activity; high degree of excitability and conductivity
Basic structural unit=neuron
Simple squamous- diffusion of gases and fluids
L- body cavities, cardiovascular & lymphatic systems: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels
F- allows passage of materials by diffusion & filtration in sites where protection is important;
Basal lamina
A material of collagen & glycoproteins secreted from epithelial cells
Basal lamina and reticular lamina constitute the basement membrane
Reticular lamina
A reinforcing underlying later composed of reticular fibers and glycoproteins secreted from underlying connective tissue
Basal lamina and reticular lamina constitute the basement membrane
Ground substance, ECM, matrix
All mean same thing
Matrix composition
The balance of components is important in maintaining and repairing organ structure
-it is a soup of hormones, enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors
The bulk of connective tissue matrix is comprised of
Bound water, meaning that it doesn’t slosh as you move
ECM conn tissue material
Bound water
Proteoglycans- binds the water and hold other components together
Collagen- long fibers to give strength and elasticity to the tissue
Glycoproteins- sticky molecules to hold fibers in place
The formed elements of plasma called blood cells:
Erythrocytes- red blood cells
Leukocytes- white blood cells
Thrombocytes- platelets
Compact bone tissue
- osteons (haversian systems) are units of compact bone tiss.
- lacunae: sm spaces arranged in concentric layers of bone matrix called lamellae
- canaliculi: sm canals connecting each lacunae & osteocyte w/ nutrient blood vessels of central Haversian canal
- nutrients reach patron through central canal, from there to osteoblasts through canaliculi
- osteoblasts produce bone matrix called lamellar which consists of organic and inorganic (calcium phosphate) materials
Spongy bone tissue (cancellous bone tissue i.e pores)
- Osteoblasts and lamella (called trabecula) are irregularly organized.
- Surrounded by red bone marrow, which is the site of blood production (hematopoiesis)
Simple squamous
L= kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, lining of ventral body cavity
F=diffusion of gases and fluids and filtration on sites where protection is not important. Secretes lubricating substances
Neuroglea
Special smaller cells that support, protects, & connect
Include astrocytes, microglea, Shawnn cells, oligodendrocytes and neuroglea
Neuron= nerve cell
Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
Nerve cell in brain and spine called nuclei
Nerve cell in PNS called ganglia
Axon-long processes leads away from strong
Soma- cell body
Dendrites- shorter process leading toward stroma
Extra cellular matrix
Protein based substance that holds cells in a tissue together
Glue produced by the cells themselves (fibronectin, chondronectin, laminin)
