Chapter 4: Tissues

Question 1

Simple cuboidal-secretion and absorption

Answer 1

L-kidney tubules, ducts & secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
F-secretion and absorption

Question 2

Simple columnar-absorption and secretion

Answer 2

L-lining stomach & intestine;
Noncilitated= digestive tract, gallbladder
Cilitated= bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus
F- absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes. Cilitated types propels mucus

Question 3

Stratified squamous

Areas subject to friction

Answer 3

L- nonkeratinized (alive)= moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina, rectum;
Keratinized (dead)= forms epidermis of skin;
F- protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Question 4

Stratified cuboidal (not very common)

Areas subject to friction

Answer 4

L- testis tubules, vesicular follicles of ovary, sabaceous (sweat) glands, mammary glands
F-protection

Question 5

Stratified columnar (even more rare)

Areas subject to friction

Answer 5

L- part of pharynx & larynx, wall of male urethra, excretory ducts of salivary & mammary glands
F-protection

Question 6

Pseudostratified columnar

Answer 6

L-noncilitated= male sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
Cilitated= lines trachea, most of upper respiratory tract
F- secretion, particularly by mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

May contain goblet cells and bear cilia

Question 7

Loose (areolar) conn tissue

Most widespread conn tissue

Answer 7

L- forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
F- wraps & cushions organs; it’s microphages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds & conveys tissue fluid

Question 8

Loose (adipose) conn tissue

Fat tissue

Answer 8

L- under skin; around kidneys & eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
F-provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports & protects organs

Question 9

Loose (reticular) conn tissue

Answer 9

L- lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
F- fibers form soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages; supports soft organs; in lymph nodes, mesh of fibers filter pathogens allowing phagocytes to engulf and destroy

Question 10

Dense (regular) conn tissue

Answer 10

L-tendons, ligaments
F- attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Question 11

Dense (irregular) conn tissue

Answer 11

L- dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
F- able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

Question 12

Hyaline cartilage conn tissue

• Most abundant cartilage tissue
• Tough and pliable
• forms most of embryonic skeleton

Answer 12

L- articular cartilage (outer ends of long bones) acts as shock absorber.. JOINTS
Costal cartilage (connecting the rib to the sternum) cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx (airway)
F- supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

Question 13

Fibrocartilage conn tissue

Answer 13

L- intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
F- tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

Bundles of collagen fibers alternating with rows of chondrocytes

Their proteoglycans are substituted for fibroblasts

Herniated/ruptured disk pressing on nerve leaving spinal canal, causing sciatica

Question 14

Elastic cartilage conn tissue

Similar to hyaline but has plenty of elastic fibers in the matrix

Answer 14

L- supports external ear (pinna); epiglottis

F- maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility and stretching

Question 15

Blood conn tissue

Answer 15

L- within blood vessels
F- transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes; maintains constant body temp at 98.6 and pH at 7.4; ward off invasion of harmful microbes

Question 16

Bone conn tissue

Highly vascular; repairs itself when fractured

Answer 16

• hard & rigid conn tissue
• osteocytes embedded in unique matrix containing collagen & mineral salt crystals (66% intracellular matrix) making bone HARD

L-bones
F- provides support and protection for body, serve as points of attachment for muscles, calcified matrix serves as mineral reservoir for body, contains red bone marrow producing RBC

2 types: compact ; spongy bone

Question 17

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 17

L- skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
F- voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of environment; facial expression

Myoblast (slow growing) like cells called stem cells or satellite cells help in limited repair of injured fibers

-multinucleated; striations

Question 18

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 18

L-walls of the heart
F- as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

• uni-nucleated; striated
• intercalated discs-dark bands that interlock cells
• cytoskeleton has high degree of contractility

Question 19

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 19

L- walls of hollow organs
F-propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control; visceral muscle

-no striations

Question 20

Nervous tissue

Answer 20

L- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
-ectodermal
F- transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors (muscles glands) which control their activity; high degree of excitability and conductivity

Basic structural unit=neuron

Question 21

Simple squamous- diffusion of gases and fluids

Answer 21

L- body cavities, cardiovascular & lymphatic systems: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels
F- allows passage of materials by diffusion & filtration in sites where protection is important;

Question 22

Basal lamina

Answer 22

A material of collagen & glycoproteins secreted from epithelial cells

Basal lamina and reticular lamina constitute the basement membrane

Question 23

Reticular lamina

Answer 23

A reinforcing underlying later composed of reticular fibers and glycoproteins secreted from underlying connective tissue

Basal lamina and reticular lamina constitute the basement membrane

Question 24

Ground substance, ECM, matrix

Answer 24

All mean same thing

Question 25

Matrix composition

Answer 25

The balance of components is important in maintaining and repairing organ structure
-it is a soup of hormones, enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors

Question 26

The bulk of connective tissue matrix is comprised of

Answer 26

Bound water, meaning that it doesn’t slosh as you move

Question 27

ECM conn tissue material

Answer 27

Bound water
Proteoglycans- binds the water and hold other components together
Collagen- long fibers to give strength and elasticity to the tissue
Glycoproteins- sticky molecules to hold fibers in place

Question 28

The formed elements of plasma called blood cells:

Answer 28

Erythrocytes- red blood cells
Leukocytes- white blood cells
Thrombocytes- platelets

Question 29

Compact bone tissue

Answer 29

• osteons (haversian systems) are units of compact bone tiss.
• lacunae: sm spaces arranged in concentric layers of bone matrix called lamellae
• canaliculi: sm canals connecting each lacunae & osteocyte w/ nutrient blood vessels of central Haversian canal
• nutrients reach patron through central canal, from there to osteoblasts through canaliculi
• osteoblasts produce bone matrix called lamellar which consists of organic and inorganic (calcium phosphate) materials

Question 30

Spongy bone tissue (cancellous bone tissue i.e pores)

Answer 30

• Osteoblasts and lamella (called trabecula) are irregularly organized.
• Surrounded by red bone marrow, which is the site of blood production (hematopoiesis)

Question 31

Simple squamous

Answer 31

L= kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

F=diffusion of gases and fluids and filtration on sites where protection is not important. Secretes lubricating substances

Question 32

Neuroglea

Answer 32

Special smaller cells that support, protects, & connect

Include astrocytes, microglea, Shawnn cells, oligodendrocytes and neuroglea

Question 33

Neuron= nerve cell

Answer 33

Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

Nerve cell in brain and spine called nuclei
Nerve cell in PNS called ganglia

Axon-long processes leads away from strong
Soma- cell body
Dendrites- shorter process leading toward stroma

Question 34

Extra cellular matrix

Answer 34

Protein based substance that holds cells in a tissue together

Glue produced by the cells themselves (fibronectin, chondronectin, laminin)