Chapter 4: Thermal Energy & Work

Question 1

What did Hero of Alexandria do?

Answer 1

He drew and described or envisioned the Steam Engine.

Question 2

What did Thomas Savery do?

Answer 2

• He built the first practical machine to pump water from mines.
• He patented the 1st practical steam engine. (1698)

Question 3

What did Newcomen do?

Answer 3

• He invented or made a much enhanced steam engine which is called the atmospheric pressure.
• It relied on atmospheric pressure to push the piston down however all pumps depend on Atmospheric Pressure to put the water up the mine
• It had several issues with efficiency and reliability.

Question 4

What did James Watt do?

Answer 4

• He patented a new steam engine. (was asked to repair Newcomen`s steam engine).

His engine was called the “DOUBLE-ACTING” engine. Since the piston was driven in both directions by steam pressure.

Question 5

What is Industrial Revolution?

Answer 5

When the Double-Acting could be used to turn a wheel.

Question 6

What did Charles Pearson do?

Answer 6

He patented the steam turbines which is the steam turbines of today.

Steam-turbine engines do not use pistons.

However, steam passes through a set of curved blades which are similar to fan blades.

They are somewhat cone-shaped. This shape permits the steam pressure to decrease gradually.

Question 7

What are the 4 Elements?

Answer 7

Earth, Air, Fire and Water

Question 8

What is Phlogiston?

Answer 8

Substances which could burn included an invisible fluid.

Question 9

What is Caloric Theory?

Answer 9

A massless fluid which was found in all substances.

Question 10

Stuff about Caloric

Answer 10

• It could not be created or destroyed, however could flow from one substance to another.
• Caloric always flowed from warmer objects to cooler objects.

Question 11

What was Rumford`s observation?

Answer 11

Caloric did not exist however heat is equivalent to energy.

Question 12

What was Mayer`s observation?

Answer 12

The color of venal blood of people in the tropics.

Question 13

What is Kinetic-Molecular Theory?

Answer 13

The present theory of heat.

Question 14

What is Thermodynamics?

Answer 14

The field of physics which deals with forces and motion including heat .

Question 15

What is the first law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 15

Energy cannot be created or destroyed however it can be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another.

Question 16

What is the second law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 16

It is not possible to remove thermal energy from an energy source and convert it entirely to work.

No process can be 100 % efficient. Some energy will always remain in the form of thermal energy.

Thermal energy always flow spontaneously.

Question 17

What is the Formula for Work?

Answer 17

W (Work) = F (Force) x D (Distance)

Question 18

What is the Formula for the area of a triangle?

Answer 18

A = 1/2 b (base) x h (height)

Question 19

What is the Formula for the area of a rectangle?

Answer 19

A = l (length) x w (width)

Question 20

What are the 4 steps of the cycle of the piston?

Answer 20

a - Intake Stroke
b - Compression Stroke
c - Power Stroke
d - Exhaust Stroke

Question 21

What is the Intake Stroke?

Answer 21

The intake valve opens, and the piston moves downward, drawing the mixture of air and fuel into the cylinder.

Question 22

What is the Compression Stroke?

Answer 22

The intake valve closes and the piston moves up, compressing the air-fuel mixture.

Question 23

What is the Power Stroke?

Answer 23

When the piston is almost at the top of the cylinder, the spark plug produces a spark that ignites the mixture. The mixture burns, causing hot gases to expand and move the piston down.

Question 24

What is the Exhaust Stroke?

Answer 24

The piston moves up, forcing the waste products from the combustion of the mixture of the exhaust valve.

Question 25

How much electricity is accounted for of electrical energy generated in Canada?

Answer 25

1/3

Question 26

Where does the remain 2/3 of the electricity come from?

Answer 26

Hydro-electric generating stations

Question 27

What is the small amount of electricity which is generated?

Answer 27

Wind