Chapter 4 (The Self)

Question 1

Define self concept

Answer 1

Self concept: All of an individuals knowledge about his or her personal qualities

Question 2

What are the two concepts of self perceptions

Answer 2

1. Self concept (what we know about ourself)

2. Self esteem (how we feel about ourself

Question 3

What is the Lake Wogebon effect”

Answer 3

the effect that most people think about themselves above average

Question 4

What are the 4 sources with which we construct our self concept

Answer 4

1. Own thoughts and feelings
2. Own observed behaviour
3. Other peoples reactions
4. Comparison to others

Question 5

What is the self perception theory

Answer 5

People make sense of their own behaviour for self perception when internal cues are weak
“I am drawing for because its fun, not for money”
can even happen with imaginary behaviour

Question 6

What is the social comparison theory

Answer 6

the theory that people learn and evaluate themselves by comparison to others

Question 7

What is the contrast effect

Answer 7

when a comparison makes the percievers judgment different from the standard
so when you compare yourself to somebody who is super good you think you are bad, even though you still are average

Question 8

What is the assimilation effect

Answer 8

When you compare yourself to somebody who is average, which makes your judgment of yourself also more standard

Question 9

What are the 3 motivational principles when it comes to comparing yourself

Answer 9

1. Mastery (good self knowledge)
2. Connectedness (realtions with others)
3. Valuing me and mine (feel better about ourselves)

Question 10

What is the actor observer effect

Answer 10

We attribute our own behaviours to situations, but others to their personality (because it is salient)

Question 11

What are differences in percieving others and ourselves

Answer 11

• We have more and better vues about ourselves

Question 12

What does it mean that we have multiple selves and what are self aspects

Answer 12

Our self perception is different in different situation (social comparison), which also leads to different behaviour
Self aspects are summaries of these differnet perceptions

Question 13

What is self schema

Answer 13

the core characteristics that a person believes characterize him or her across all situations

Question 14

What are the three ways we construct our self schema and achieve coherence

Answer 14

1. Focus on key trait
2. Accessibility (different traits are active at different times)
3. Selective memory

Question 15

Define self esteem

Answer 15

an individuals positive or negative feeling and evaluation of himself or herself
it summarizes how we are doing at useing our self knowledge to navigate the social world

Question 16

What is state self esteem

Answer 16

the shortlasting feelings about the self in a particular moment

Question 17

What is self enhancing bias

Answer 17

any tendency to evaluate information about the self better that it actually is

Question 18

What is self complexity

Answer 18

the extent to which a person possesses many and diverse self aspects

Question 19

What is the self evaluation maintainance theory

Answer 19

it says that someones self esteem will be maintained or suffer baised on who they compare themselves with
this is why brinze winners are often happier than silber winners

Question 20

For what 2 reasons does self enhancement occur

Answer 20

1. helps against stress and threats to self

2. self improvement

Question 21

How does the self concept influence memory and perception

Answer 21

we memorise and percieve traits and behaviour more, when we can describe ourselves with them

Question 22

What is appraisal

Answer 22

In individuals interpretations of a self relevant event that directs emotions and behaviour