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Human Biology > Chapter 4 - "The Respiratory System" > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - "The Respiratory System" Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory system

A

the system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

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2
Q

the respiratory system consists of

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles

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3
Q

the nose and nasal cavity are lined with

A

cilia and mucous membranes

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4
Q

pharynx (throat)

A

the region from the nasal cavity to the top of the oesophagus

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5
Q

epiglottis

A

a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea while swallowing

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6
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

a cartilaginous chamber that joins the pharynx and trachea

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7
Q

trachea (windpipe)

A

air passage extending from the larynx into the thorax

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8
Q

bronchi

A

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea t

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9
Q

bronchioles

A

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

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10
Q

primary bronchi

A

the first branches of the trachea, there are two primary bronchi, one for each lung

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11
Q

secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)

A

branches of the primary bronchi that lead to each lobe of the lung

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12
Q

tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)

A

branches of the secondary bronchi that divide into bronchioles

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13
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

smaller branches of the bronchioles

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14
Q

lungs

A

two spongy organs, enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage and responsible for respiration

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15
Q

mediastinum

A

the space between the lungs

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16
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer of pleura that covers the surface of each lung

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17
Q

parietal pleura

A

the outer layer of pleura that lines the inside of the chest

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18
Q

pleural fluid

A

liquid layer filling the space between the visceral and parietal pleura

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19
Q

alveoli

A

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialised for the movement of gases between air and blood

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20
Q

ribs

A

bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.

21
Q

intercostal muscles

A

the muscles between the ribs

22
Q

intercostal muscles function

A

move the ribcage upwards and outwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity and thus the lungs when breathing in

23
Q

diaphragm

A

a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen

24
Q

diaphragm function

A

contracts and flattens downwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity and thus the lungs when breathing in

25
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air in and out of the lungs

26
Q

inspiration

A

the process of taking air into the lungs

27
Q

expiration

A

the process of exhaling air out of the lungs

28
Q

1st step of respiration

A

intercostal muscles contract/relax
ribcage moves up and outwards/down and inwards
diaphragm contracts/relaxes

29
Q

2nd step of respiration

A

lung volume volume increases/decreases

30
Q

3rd step of respiration

A

air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure outside/inside the lungs

31
Q

1st reason why the lungs well suited for gas exchange

A
  • the alveoli give the lungs a huge internal SA so that large amounts of gases can be exchanged in a relatively short amount of time
32
Q

2nd reason why the lungs well suited for gas exchange

A

each alveolus is well supplied with blood vessels, so that as much blood as possible is close to the air in the alveolus.

the continuous flow of blood helps maintain a difference in concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air in the lungs

33
Q

3rd reason why the lungs well suited for gas exchange

A

the membrane that forms the alveolus wall is very thin, so that gas molecules do not have far to travel when moving in and out of the blood

34
Q

why are the lungs positioned deep inside the body?

A

to prevent excessive evaporation of the fluid that covers the respiratory surfaces

35
Q

why is it important that the alveolus membrane has moisture?

A

bc gases can only diffuse in and out of the blood when dissolved by fluid

36
Q

the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli brought to the lungs by

A

the pulmonary artery

37
Q

for diffusion of gases in and out of the blood, there must be a concentration gradient, which is

A

a difference in gas concentration between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

38
Q

the concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained by

A
  • the constant flow of blood through the capillaries

- the movement of air into and out of the alveoli as we breathe in

39
Q

inspired air contains

A
  1. 95% oxygen

0. 04% carbon dioxide

40
Q

expired air contains

A
  1. 80% oxygen

4. 30% carbon dioxide

41
Q

emphysema

A

a disease usually caused by long term exposure to irritating particles in the air taken into the lungs

42
Q

emphysema is contracted typically by

A

smokers
people who work with a lot of dust
people who live in highly polluted cities

43
Q

how does emphysema work?

A

the irritating particles damage the alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity

this loss of elasticity causes them to often be replaced with fibrous tissue and break down
it also causes the lungs to be constantly inflated, making breathing a voluntary task

44
Q

the typical sufferer of emphysema has 2 problems

A

inadequate SA for gas exchange

difficulty in ventilating the lungs

45
Q

lung cancer

A

the development of a mass of cells (tumour) that divides in an uncontrolled way

46
Q

lung cancer is contracted typically by

A

exposure to asbestos fibres and other pollutants

tobacco smoking

47
Q

tobacco smoke is both

A

an initiator of the cancerous growth

a promoter of the growth of the tumour

48
Q

how does lung cancer work?

A

inhaled smoke particles constantly irritate the mucous membranes that line the air passages, which results in the excessive production of mucus

cells at the base of the membrane begin to divide more rapidly and the accumulating mucus cannot be removed

the trapped mucus causes ruptures to the alveoli, which results in emphysema and the ‘smokers cough’

Human Biology (4 decks)

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