Chapter 4 - "The Respiratory System"

Question 1

respiratory system

Answer 1

the system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

Question 2

the respiratory system consists of

Answer 2

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 3

the nose and nasal cavity are lined with

Answer 3

cilia and mucous membranes

Question 4

pharynx (throat)

Answer 4

the region from the nasal cavity to the top of the oesophagus

Question 5

epiglottis

Answer 5

a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea while swallowing

Question 6

larynx (voice box)

Answer 6

a cartilaginous chamber that joins the pharynx and trachea

Question 7

trachea (windpipe)

Answer 7

air passage extending from the larynx into the thorax

Question 8

bronchi

Answer 8

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea t

Question 9

bronchioles

Answer 9

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

Question 10

primary bronchi

Answer 10

the first branches of the trachea, there are two primary bronchi, one for each lung

Question 11

secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)

Answer 11

branches of the primary bronchi that lead to each lobe of the lung

Question 12

tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)

Answer 12

branches of the secondary bronchi that divide into bronchioles

Question 13

terminal bronchioles

Answer 13

smaller branches of the bronchioles

Question 14

lungs

Answer 14

two spongy organs, enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage and responsible for respiration

Question 15

mediastinum

Answer 15

the space between the lungs

Question 16

visceral pleura

Answer 16

inner layer of pleura that covers the surface of each lung

Question 17

parietal pleura

Answer 17

the outer layer of pleura that lines the inside of the chest

Question 18

pleural fluid

Answer 18

liquid layer filling the space between the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 19

alveoli

Answer 19

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialised for the movement of gases between air and blood

Question 20

ribs

Answer 20

bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.

Question 21

intercostal muscles

Answer 21

the muscles between the ribs

Question 22

intercostal muscles function

Answer 22

move the ribcage upwards and outwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity and thus the lungs when breathing in

Question 23

diaphragm

Answer 23

a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen

Question 24

diaphragm function

Answer 24

contracts and flattens downwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity and thus the lungs when breathing in

Question 25

ventilation

Answer 25

the movement of air in and out of the lungs

Question 26

inspiration

Answer 26

the process of taking air into the lungs

Question 27

expiration

Answer 27

the process of exhaling air out of the lungs

Question 28

1st step of respiration

Answer 28

intercostal muscles contract/relax ribcage moves up and outwards/down and inwards diaphragm contracts/relaxes

Question 29

2nd step of respiration

Answer 29

lung volume volume increases/decreases

Question 30

3rd step of respiration

Answer 30

air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure outside/inside the lungs

Question 31

1st reason why the lungs well suited for gas exchange

Answer 31

- the alveoli give the lungs a huge internal SA so that large amounts of gases can be exchanged in a relatively short amount of time

Question 32

2nd reason why the lungs well suited for gas exchange

Answer 32

each alveolus is well supplied with blood vessels, so that as much blood as possible is close to the air in the alveolus. the continuous flow of blood helps maintain a difference in concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air in the lungs

Question 33

3rd reason why the lungs well suited for gas exchange

Answer 33

the membrane that forms the alveolus wall is very thin, so that gas molecules do not have far to travel when moving in and out of the blood

Question 34

why are the lungs positioned deep inside the body?

Answer 34

to prevent excessive evaporation of the fluid that covers the respiratory surfaces

Question 35

why is it important that the alveolus membrane has moisture?

Answer 35

bc gases can only diffuse in and out of the blood when dissolved by fluid

Question 36

the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli brought to the lungs by

Answer 36

the pulmonary artery

Question 37

for diffusion of gases in and out of the blood, there must be a concentration gradient, which is

Answer 37

a difference in gas concentration between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

Question 38

the concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained by

Answer 38

- the constant flow of blood through the capillaries | - the movement of air into and out of the alveoli as we breathe in

Question 39

inspired air contains

Answer 39

20. 95% oxygen | 0. 04% carbon dioxide

Question 40

expired air contains

Answer 40

15. 80% oxygen | 4. 30% carbon dioxide

Question 41

emphysema

Answer 41

a disease usually caused by long term exposure to irritating particles in the air taken into the lungs

Question 42

emphysema is contracted typically by

Answer 42

smokers people who work with a lot of dust people who live in highly polluted cities

Question 43

how does emphysema work?

Answer 43

the irritating particles damage the alveoli, causing them to lose their elasticity this loss of elasticity causes them to often be replaced with fibrous tissue and break down it also causes the lungs to be constantly inflated, making breathing a voluntary task

Question 44

the typical sufferer of emphysema has 2 problems

Answer 44

inadequate SA for gas exchange difficulty in ventilating the lungs

Question 45

lung cancer

Answer 45

the development of a mass of cells (tumour) that divides in an uncontrolled way

Question 46

lung cancer is contracted typically by

Answer 46

exposure to asbestos fibres and other pollutants | tobacco smoking

Question 47

tobacco smoke is both

Answer 47

an initiator of the cancerous growth | a promoter of the growth of the tumour

Question 48

how does lung cancer work?

Answer 48

inhaled smoke particles constantly irritate the mucous membranes that line the air passages, which results in the excessive production of mucus cells at the base of the membrane begin to divide more rapidly and the accumulating mucus cannot be removed the trapped mucus causes ruptures to the alveoli, which results in emphysema and the 'smokers cough'