Chapter 4: The Primary Market Flashcards
What is an IPO?
What does it do?
Initial Public Offering
Allows privatley owned companies to sell its shares on a public market to raise capital.
Advantages of an IPO?
Over other capital raising methods.
- Raise substantial sums
- Boosts Publicity
What is a Greenshoe?
Or an over allotment clause.
Whereby the issuing company reserves the right to release extra shares if demand remains unsatisfied.
What are the 3 Broad Stages of an IPO?
DPS
- Decision
- Prospectus
- Sale
What is Firm Underwriting?
Where a bank will gurantee the sale of all of the securities in an IPO.
What is Unconditional “Best-Efforts” Underwriting?
Where banks and co-underwriters will not guarantee the complete sale of issued securities. Not committing to buy back any unsold secutities.
What is Conditional “Best-Efforts” Underwriting?
Where banks and co-underwriters will not guarantee the complete sale of issued securities. But instead commit to buy back any unsold secutities, to keep prices stable.
What is a Follow-on Offering?
A secondary offer, that issues more shares if demand is still strong.
This is unlikley to work in a bear market.
Cheaper than an IPO, as most of the stages have been completed.
Stages of a Follow-on Offering?
- Decision
- Prospectus
- Sale
What is an Offer for Sale?
The most popular type of IPO is where an issuing house (Investment bank) will buy a package of shares and offer them to investors.
What is a Fixed Offer Price?
Is a price offered to an issuer, just below what it is believed they should be fully subscribed, to encourage an active secondary market.
What is a Tender Offer?
Why is this good?
Does not set a fixed price for the shares, it invites potential investors to bid to gauge both price and demand.
This does not lead to shares being excessivley demanded or underdemanded. A minimum price is set,
Why are Fixed Offers preffered over Tender Offers?
Less adminisration from both parties.
What is a Greenshoe Option?
Why is it used?
Gives the issuer the provision of an over allotment option of up to 15% the original amount of shares. This settles demand and stabilises the price.
What is Placing?
Selective Marketing?
Where shares are issued directly to a broker, and then offered to a select handful of clients. This is less expensive than most other options.