Chapter 4 - The Earth's Surface: Shaping the Crust

Question 1

What is the Crust?

Answer 1

The Crust is the outside layer and is made of solid rock

Question 2

What is the Mantle?

Answer 2

The Mantle lies under the Earth’s Crust and is made from Molten/Semi-Molten rock called magma

Question 3

What is the Core?

Answer 3

The Core is the Centre of the Earth. It is made from iron and nickel

Question 4

What is the Crust made up of?

Answer 4

The crust is made of Oceanic and Continental Plates.

Question 5

What is the point where plates meet?

Answer 5

A Boundary

Question 6

What is a Convection Current?

Answer 6

A Convection Current is how the plates move. The magma in the mantle heats up, and rises up towards the crust. It then cools, and flows down towards the core. This causes the plates to move.

Question 7

What is the movement of the plates called?

Answer 7

Continental Drift

Question 8

What is the Study of the Plates called?

Answer 8

Plate Tectonics

Question 9

Can you name 3 Plates?

Answer 9

North American  Plate
Eurasian Plate
African Plate
Nazca Plate
Pacific Plate
South American Plate
Antarctic Plate 
Indo-Australian Plate

Question 10

What were the continents called 225 million years ago?

Answer 10

Pangea

Question 11

What happens at each of the Boundaries?

Answer 11

Plates collide
[Destructive Boundaries]
Plates Separate
[Constructive Boundaries]
Plates slide past each other
[Passive Boundaries]

Question 12

Where does volcanic activity occur? And name an example of where!

Answer 12

Volcanic Activity occurs where plate separate and collide [Pacific Ring of Fire]

Question 13

What country is made up of volcanos?

Answer 13

Iceland

Question 14

Explain what a Mid-Atlantic Ridge is.

Answer 14

A Mid-Atlantic Ridge is made when magma rises up through fissures,hardens, and forms new land in the ocean.

Question 15

Briefly explain a Volcano!

Answer 15

Magma Chamber: Where magma is in the mantle.
Vent: Where the magma rises up through [Narrow Vent]
When it reaches the surface it is know as lava. Ash and hot rocks are thrown into the air and an ash cloud is formed. There is a build up of material around the vent, forming a cone shape. The top of the volcano is called the crater.

Question 16

Explain the 3 types of volcano.

Answer 16

Active: These volcanoes erupt regularly
Dormant: These have not erupted for a long time, but could possibly erupt again
Extinct:These volcanoes have not erupted in recorded history.

Question 17

what are the positive effects of a volcano?

Answer 17

The soils around the volcano are rich in minerals.
Tourists can visit the sites od famous volcanoes.
Hot springs called geysers are formed.
Volcanoes create new land.

Question 18

What are the Negative Effects of Volcanoes?

Answer 18

Gases, such a sulphur dioxide, can poison people and cause acid rain.
Lava flow burns everything in it’s past.
Loss of human life.
Lahar can be formed when snow mixes with lava.

Question 19

What are Earthquakes?

Answer 19

Earthquakes are sudden tremors or vibrations in the Earth’s Crust.

Question 20

How does an Earthquake form?

Answer 20

An earthquake forms when two plates attempt to slide past each other, and build up pressure.

Question 21

Briefly explain an Earthquake.

Answer 21

Earths occur when there is pressure along the fault line.The point beneath the surface where the earthquake happens is called the focus. The point above the focus is called the Epicentre.

Question 22

Where are the tremors strongest during an Earthquake?

Answer 22

The Epicentre. The further away from the Epicentre, the less amount of strength. The smaller tremors that follow an earthquake are called aftershocks.

Question 23

Who is a person that studies Earthquakes, and what do they use?

Answer 23

A Seismologist. They use instruments called seismographs to measure the tremors in the earths crust.

Question 24

What is used to measure the strength of an earthquake?

Answer 24

The Richter Scale.

Question 25

What damage can be caused by earthquakes?

Answer 25

Loss of life.
Buildings are damaged
Damage to electricity and gas supplies may cause fires. Bridges,Roads and railway lines are damaged.
Landslides and avalanches are TRIGGERED.
Damage to sewers and Water Supplies
Earthquakes can cause Tsunamis.

Question 26

How could we reduce the damage caused by earthquakes?

Answer 26

Build earthquake-resitant buildings in earthquake zones.

Study the pattern of past earthquakes to try to predict when the next one might occur.

Question 27

What are Fold Mountains?

Answer 27

Fold mountains forms when 2 plates collide with each other

Question 28

What is an up-fold?

Answer 28

Anticline

Question 29

What is a down-fold?

Answer 29

Syncline