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Sociology 224 > Chapter 4, textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 4, textbook Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the term media refer to

A
  • it refers to any form of communication that targets a mass audience in print or electronic format
  • > eg; Emily Murphy’s book the black candle on criminilization of marijuana
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2
Q

Why study media

A
  • because so much of our lives are spent using it
  • > sociologists also study the media because of what the media does
  • > its impacts on individuals and society
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3
Q

What is meant by the term simulmedia

A
  • using more than one form of media simultaneously

- >eg; people watch telivision and use the Internet at the same time

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4
Q

What are the patterns of media across age groups

A

-mobile computing trends for younger, while the use of desktop computers trends for older individuals

  • older adults are more likely to engage with traditional versions of television, newspapers and magazines
  • > younger adults are more likely to engage with digitized versions
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5
Q

What is social medias main role

A
  • primary role is a means to kepe in touch with friends and family
  • > the use of social media is multifaceted(different things that you can do with social media)
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6
Q

How does the media define

A
  • it defines boundaries between groups and communities within those groups
  • > influences our understanding of “us” and “them”
  • media defines social problems and shapes public debates
  • > it indicates which people and issues we should be concerned about and why

-media allows us to see morality and ethics in action

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7
Q

How are stigmatized others presented in media

A

-they are presented as threats to the way of life of decent people

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8
Q

What are absolute others

A

-they are individuals who commit exceptional crimes such as suicide bombers or pedophiles

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9
Q

Does media place individuals on a spectrum between stigmatized and absolute others

A

-yes

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10
Q

How can understanding what the media says influence people

A

-it can change people’s behaviors,solve social problems and enact social change

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11
Q

What is administrative research in media

A
  • it analyzes the effects of media messages on individuals
  • > they hold the individual under a microscope trying to determine what types of messages will result in certain outcomes in INDIVIDUALS
  • note these guys have a positivist foundation
  • > they are involved in finding out cause-and-effect relationships
  • > they want to change the way individuals can act
  • media can affect individuals thoughts and feelings and their behavior
  • > eg; advertisers trying to influence people’s attitudes towards products and thus their actions as consumers
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12
Q

What is critical research in studies of media

A
  • they analyze th process of social control structures of power and the relationship between media and ‘domination, contradiction and struggle’
  • they hold society, rather than the individual under a microscope
  • they largely draw on intrepretive theories and critical theories
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13
Q

How does advertisements influence consumers

A
  • when people are repeatedly exposed to advertisements, their brand recognition increases and they develop positive associations with those brands
  • > then they subsequently purchase those specific products
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14
Q

What three factors determine the effectiveness of advertisements

A

1) Source of communication
2) Message itself
3) Audience

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15
Q

Is violence the most researched topic in media

A

-yes

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16
Q

What are the two types of research that has been used to study the issue of violence in the media

A
  • experimental research and correlational research
  • > correlational has found a small to moderate relationship between the amount of violent media consumed and people’s aggressiveness
  • > it is still statistically significant
  • experimental has found that in the short term, exposure to media violence has several effects
  • > including lower levels of empathy, greater acceptance of aggression as a legitimate way of resolving problems and higher levels of aggressive behavior

-no proof that violence in the media increases aggression over the long term

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17
Q

Is desensitization to violence just emotional or is it physiological as well

A
  • it is physiological as well
  • > individuals who consume more violent media have lower heart rates and blood pressure when viewing a violent video clip
  • > this is compared to those who consume less violent media
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18
Q

How does administrative research into media serve as social control

A
  • they serve as the foundation for demands to change the content
  • > or to make more stringent regulations for various forms of media
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19
Q

Does critical approach to media predominate over administrative research in Canada

A

-yes

20
Q

What do critical approach thinkers claim about media and its relation to the five levels of social construction

A
  • media is intertwined with all five levels of social construction
  • > eg; individual, interpersonal, institutional, sociocultural and global

-they focus on how the media socially constructs events, issues and identities and how those constructions may be affected by changing structures of media ownership

21
Q

What does framing mean in terms of media

A
  • the way the media “select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communication text”
  • this is to promote a problem definition, causal intepretation, moral evaluation and or treatment recommendation
  • overall, framing is the way an issue is depicted in the media
22
Q

What three generic frames is the news media comprised of

A

1) conflict frame
- >emphasizes conflict between nations,instutions, groups or individuals

2) Human interest frame
- >focuses on human stories and emotions

3) Economic consequences frame
- >highlights material costs and benefits for countries, regions, groups or individuals

23
Q

What are the five different ways that minorities are portrayed on the media

A

1) Invisible
- >minorities are under-represented in the media

2)Minorities are portrayed in ways that support existing stereotypes

3) Some minorities are presented as social problems
- >eg; jamaican canadians are frequently portrayed as criminals

4)some ethnic minorities are represented as adornments

5) Minorities are represented as white-washed
- >their everyday experiences are portrayed as identical to the ethnic majority
- >or minority characters are played by white individuals in movies, etc

24
Q

How has significance of media framing for Indigenous people been highlighted

A
  • it has been highlighted by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
  • > the TRC points to the important role of media as part of the reconciliation process
25
Q

Does critical researchers of media look at media ownership

A
  • yes
  • > they draw our attention to the structure of ownership in the media industry
  • > based on the assumption that ownership of the media is intertwined with the nature of the context
26
Q

Describe the meaning of convergence, coglomeration and concentration

A

Convergence

  • > media companies owning multiple forms of media
  • > for instance, a single corporation may own several television stations but also cable companies

Conglomeration

  • > the trend that describes the media companies coming together or merging
  • > or other big companies purchasing smaller ones to form large multinational conglomerates

Concentration

  • > a small number of corporations control most media products
  • > from the perspective of critical researchers, concentration within the structure of media ownership means that “corporate empires control every means by which the population learns of its society”
27
Q

Do deviant scholars use more the administrative research methods or the critical research methods

A
  • they use more of the administrative methods
  • > this approach enables deviance scholars to analyze the influence that certain media messages may have on specific deviant behaviors
  • > such as crime, gang activity, substance use, sexual disorders, etc
28
Q

Do critical researchers look at more the social construction of deviance

A

-yes they look at how deviance is socially constructed

29
Q

What are the five different types of relationships that can exist between deviance and media

A

1) Media is a cause of deviance
2) Media is socially constructing deviance and normality
3) Media is used as a tool to commit deviance

4) Media as a site where the deviance dance is played out
- >people debate, struggle and resist

5)Media is deviantized itself and subjected to measures of social control

30
Q

What is meant by the term cyber deviance

A
  • it describes deviant acts that are committed using computer technology
  • > it is a way that media is used to commit deviancy
  • note that deviance carried out in the online world can also translate to the offline world
  • > so for example, a school shooter posting why he is going to shoot up a school on Facebook
31
Q

What was Operation Card Shop

A
  • this was an undercover investigation
  • > they caught an organized crime ring that used the Internet to buy and sell stolen identities, exploit people’s credit cards, etc
32
Q

Are there greater chances of having identities being stolen if you spend more time online

A
  • yes

- >those at the greatest risk were individuals who engaged in various forms of cyberdeviance themselves

33
Q

Define the term hackers

A
  • people who access computer systems without authorization and sometimes use that access for malicious purposes
  • > it has significant economic consequences for society, with global economic losses estimated at more than 400 billion dollars each year
34
Q

What are the two ways that hackers use computers

A
  • first as their means of attack
  • second as a way of communicating with other hackers

-note hacker subcultures exist both online and offline

35
Q

What are the five subcultures that characterize hackers

A

1) Technology
- >they try to understand and manipulate technology
- >they use Web forums as an important resource for obtaining technical skills

2) Knowledge
- >continuous quest for knowledge is the foundation for hacker identities
- >those with extensive body of knowledge are considered hackers
- >those with impressive body of knowledge are elite hackers
- >those who have limited knowledge are noobs
- >people who have no knowledge but attend Def Con are scene whores

3) Commitment
- >individuals must be dedicated and willing to persist despite the many obstacles and failures they will inevitably encounter

4) Categorization
- >at which point can a person be considered an authentic hacker

5) Law
- >legality of the law and what hacking behaviors are considered acceptable or which are unacceptable

36
Q

What is cyberterrorism or cyberespionage

A
  • these hackers attack businesses and or societal infrastructure
  • > in some cases, these attacks are state sponsored
37
Q

Describe digital piracy

A

-illegal downloading of music, software and video

38
Q

How does the Internet facilitate piracy

A
  • it does so through:
  • > anonymity, speed of transmission and a shift in mindset about ownership

-the shift in mindset means that anything online is free for others to download with impunity

39
Q

How does digital piracy affect the global economy

A
  • it costs the global economy of 75 billion annually
  • > the costs are then transferred to individual consumers
  • > this includes higher product costs

-note because of convergence, conglomeration and concentration, these costs may be transferred to products outside of music, software or video

40
Q

What is the dominant mode of piracy these days

A
  • peer to peer torrent file sharing
  • with this process
  • > an individual looking to download may grab bits and pieces from random computers that are linked into the process
  • > while at the same time allowing other users to access the bits and pieces of digital content on their own computers
41
Q

How does differential association theory describe piracy

A
  • they say that the techniques and motivation of piracy are learned in online environments
  • > such as how to recognize files that may contain viruses or other malware
42
Q

How does neutralization theory describe malware

A
  • they deny injury by stating that corporations have already a lot of money to start with
  • they condemn the condemners(industry is already trying to exploit consumers with high prices)
  • they appeal to higher loyalties(everyone of all socioeconomic statuses should have access to media content)
43
Q

How does interpretive theory describe piracy

A
  • they explore processes of identity formation and labelling in digital pirates
  • > there is labelling and stigmatization within the pirating community
44
Q

How does the media serve as a social typer of deviance

A

-it shows us who should be considered deviant, why they should be considered deviant and what should be done about them

45
Q

Is there a deviance dance within the media

A
  • yes
  • > the deviance dance is an inherent part of media in that it is a site of claims and counterclaims
  • > a site of deviance, deviantizing and resistance
46
Q

What is hashtag activism

A

-they are acts to change society’s dominant moral codes

47
Q

What do Anonymous hackers consider themselves as

A
  • they consider themselves as “hacktavists”

- >social activists who hack computers to improve society

Sociology 224 (8 decks)

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