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AS Physics > Chapter 4: Testing Materials > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Testing Materials Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of a material is flint?

A

ceramic

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2
Q

What type of a material is collagen?

A

polymer

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3
Q

What type of a material is calcium phosphate?

A

ceramic

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4
Q

What type of a material is bronze?

A

metal

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5
Q

What type of a material is glass?

A

ceramic

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6
Q

What type of a material is rubber?

A

polymer

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7
Q

Give another example of a ceramic

A

china porcelain

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8
Q

Give another example of a metal

A

iron

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9
Q

Give another example of a polymer

A

polythene

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10
Q

Give an example of a natural composite and a synthetic composite.

A

Natural - bone is made from the brittle ceramic calcium phosphate and the strong polymer collagen.
Man-made - carbon-fibre reinforced plastic is strong and lightweight.

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11
Q

Would you expect a shelf loaded with books to be in tension or compression?

A

The upper surface will be in compression and the lower surface will be in tension.

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12
Q

Name two brittle materials

A

glass, perspex, dried wood, china

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13
Q

Name two tough materials

A

steel, fibreglass

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14
Q

What is the equation for stress?

A

Stress = force/area

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15
Q

What are the units of stress?

A

Pa or N/m^2

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16
Q

What is the equation for strain?

A

Strain = extension/original length

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17
Q

What is the elastic limit or yield point of a material?

A

The point at which a material begins to deform plastically.

18
Q

What is the breaking stress of a material?

A

The stress at which a material will break/fail.

19
Q

What is toughness?

A

How much energy is required to create new surface area in a material or how much energy a cubic meter of the material can absorb without cracks propagating.

20
Q

What is a brittle material?

A

The opposite of a tough material.

21
Q

What is yield stress

A

The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.

22
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

The temporary change in the shape of an object as a result of stress. Once the stress is removed, the object returns to its original shape.

23
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

The permanent change in the shape of an object as a result of stress. Once the stress is removed, the object does not return to its original shape.

24
Q

Give an example of a ceramic with a very high yield stress

A

diamond

25
Q

What is the Young’s Modulus?

A

A measure of how stiff a material is; namely the stress required for a particular strain.

26
Q

What is the equation for Young’s Modulus?

A

E = σ/ε = FL/Ax

27
Q

What is brittle fracture?

A

When a material breaks/fractures after a certain stress is applied

28
Q

Which class of materials in generally the strongest?

A

ceramics

29
Q

Which are stronger, pure metals or alloys?

A

alloys

30
Q

How many times stronger is diamond than ice?

A

1000 times

31
Q

How much stronger is reinforced concrete than cement which has not been reinforced?

A

10 times

32
Q

A concrete block of cross-sectional area 0.01 square meters is crushed when a force of 1MN is applied to it. What is the breaking stress in MN/m^2? How many kg can the piece of concrete support?

A

breaking stress = 1/0.01=100MN/m^2

maximum mass which can be withstood = 100000 kg.

33
Q

Are amorphous or crystalline materials more likely to be transparent?

A

amorphous materials.

34
Q

What metal ions make glass greenish in colour?

A

copper(ii)

35
Q

How do you calculate the refractive index of a material?

A

n=c/v=sin(i)/sin(r)

36
Q

Define the critical angle

A

The angle of incidence at which all of the ray is totally internally reflected.

37
Q

Pyrex has a refractive index of 1.47. For window glass, n = 1.51. In which does light travel faster?

A

Pyrex

38
Q

The refractive index of water is 1.33 (4/3). What is the speed of light in water (c=3x10^8 m/s)

A

v=c/n=2.25x10^8 m/s

39
Q

When does a refracted ray of light bend away from the normal?

A

When it enters a less optically dense material (with a lower refractive index)

40
Q

Equation for resistivity

A

ρ = RA/l

41
Q

Equation for conductivity

A

σ = Gl/A

AS Physics (5 decks)

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