Chapter 4: Soviet Foregin And International Policies Flashcards
What was the development of the Cold War and the soviet empire 1945 ?
- by 1945 the United States adopted a policy of containment to restrict soviet global power
-this policy then developed into a domino theory which stated that one country falling to communism meant the surrounding of countries were likely to fall as well
-this policy ultimately pushed the USA to enter into wars in Korea, Vietnam and other Cold War conflicts
-this pushed both the US and the USSR to implement spies in each other to find ways to hinder any effort at growing global power
What was the Chinese revolution 1949 ?
-china communist party came to power in 1949 and had expressed some solidarity with the USSR
Why was the always tension between the USSR and china ?
There was always tensions between china and the USSR because ideologically the USSR :Marxist Leninist path focused on the proletariat whilst in china 90% of the population were peasants so they followed the Maoist theory which showed how socialism could follow directly from a peasants revolution
What was the Korean War 1950-53 ?
-the Korean War was a conflict between the democratic people’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (south Korea ) in which at least 2.5 million lost their lives
-in June 1950 North Korea supplied and advised by the Soviet Union invaded the south, the United Nation with the US as the principle participant joined the war on the side of South Korea and the china republic came to North Korea aid
When did the Korean War finished and what was the aftermath ?
The fight ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states
What was the creation of NATO and what did it focused on ?
- in 1949 the prospect of further communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other western nation to form the North Atlantic treaty organisation
- focused on the objective of creating a coordinate defence among its member nations in order to deter an enemy attack
What was the response to the formation of NATO ?
The Soviet Union founded a rival alliance the Warsaw pact in 1955 which aimed to form a strong foundation against an enemy attack
What were Khrushchev foreign policy aims ?
- establish a peaceful coexistence with the west
- form a huge dominating communist power bloc that stretched eastwards from Europe to the pacific
How were china and the ussr ideologically different ?
China ideologically followed the Marxist theory showed how socialism could follow directly from a peasant revolution
Where areas ussr follow the Marxist Leninist belief which focused on proletariat revolution
What were the causes of the sino soviet split in 1960 ?
- there was a competition between red china and the Soviet Union to see which of them was the real leader of the communist world
-china begin a rural and agricultural society they struggled to be regarded as fully developed communist state
-unintended consequences on attacking Stalin cult of personality seen as an insult on Mao’s own brand of leadership
-china wanted full control and independence
How did the sino split affected the ussr image ?
-negativity because it portrayed the ussr as a betrayer of communism
-it showed the failure of the aims of peaceful coexistence as they couldn’t even co exist with their neighbouring countries how could they do it with further abroad such as America
When was the Berlin crisis ?
1961
What had the west done during the 1950s ?
-west had poured money onto West Berlin
What was the impact on this ?
Led to more better living standards and rapid development
How did this compare to the communist east Berlin ?
It made the east seem very poor
By 1958 what did the US fear ?
-That communist would increase and influence other countries
-nuclear development
What did Khrushchev want to achieve in Berlin ?
- he wanted to remove USA achievements and intervention
-propaganda victory
-less intervention of Germany
What happened on November 27 1958 ?
A six month ultimatum where west has to be a free city or Khrushchev would make a treaty with the GDPR
What was the Hallstine doctrine ?
Was part of the party of the west Germany where they wont have a relationship with any country with GDPR
What happened at camp David ?
It was a talk between USA president and Khrushchev
Why was the Berlin wall constructed ?
Due to economic slump because many east Berlin immigrated to West Berlin which for Khrushchev was an embarrassment as they had more better living standards
What happened on 13 august 1961 ?
Berlin Wall was constructed
What was the link between what happened in Berlin and nuclear wall ?
Building this big wall was seen as a sensible alternative to avoid nuclear war
What were Khrushchev foreign policy ?
- to make allies with the west
-expand communism
-close relations with communist nations
Define peaceful co-existence ?
The term to describe the idea they could peacefully co-exist with different ideologies /paths
Who was the party chairman of the people republic of china ?
Mao Zedong
Why was Khrushchev keen to implement as policy of peaceful coexistence?
He wanted to avoid war with the west because of development of nuclear weapons
Why was Khrushchev signing a treaty with the GDPR a danger ?
It would lead to USSR getting full control of Berlin
Who built the Berlin Wall in 1961 ?
Walter Ulbricht
What happened on October 22 1962 ?
Fleets of the USA intercepted the weapons that was heading into cuba from the USSR
Why was this a dangerous situation?
The USSR would have missile station in America due to proximity of cuba to America
Why did the usa find it difficult to keep track of what was happening in the USSR
Soviet Union was hiding their actions and making moves in secret
What happened in the bay of pigs ?
USA attempted to overthrow Cuba’s government but had failed
What was the link between cuba, the usa and the ussr ?
Cuba had soviet missile in their country, the usa and the ussr did not have a good relationship and Cuba was really close to America
What would be the reach of these missile sites ?
1100 miles into Washington DC
What did the USSR agree to ?
USA missile nuclear were tanked away in turkey in order to USSR agree
Who was Fidel Castro ?
A left revolutionary leader who aligned himself with Soviet Union
What was the significance of October 14 1962 ?
SS-4 middle range ballistic missile was photographed begin assembled for installation
Why was the discovery of the missiles so concerning ?
The Cuban missiles were being installed so close to the US main land just 90 miles south of florida
How did Kennedy respond ?
-employ the US navy to establish a blockade or quarantine of the island to prevent soviet resources
-deliver an ultimatum that the existing missiles be removed
What could have escalated the situation further by October ?
On October 24 when soviet ships bound for cuba neared the line of US vessels enforcing the blockade
Why was October 27 a turning point ?
An American reconnaissance plane was shot down over cuba and US invasion force was readied in florida
How was the crisis averted ?
Khrushchev said he offered to remove the Cuban missile in exchange of cuba not begin invaded however USA offered to remove missile installations in turkey
How did the crisis draw to a close ?
Kennedy administration decided to accept the terms of
What was the space run ?
The space run was a 20th century struggle between two nations states the USSR and USA
The pursuit for both was to dominate of space flight technologies
What were the origins of the space run ?
-Originated in the nuclear arm race between the two nations following the Second World War
-the technological advantage requires for such power were seen necessary for national security and political superiority
What significant events were there in the space run ?
On October 4 1957 soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile launched the first man made object to be placed into earth orbit
How did the space run heat up by 1959 ?
NASA put the first man in space and quickly got overhead the USSR
How did the US respond to soviet development in space ?
In 1958 USA launched their own satellite designed army under Werner Von Braun making the formation of NASA
When was was NASA created ?
1958
How successful was NASA ?
NASA put Armstrong the first man in the moon and increased funding to improve development
Who won the space run ?
By landing on the moon the USA effectively won the space run
What happened after the conclusion of the space run ?
In 1957 Apollo Spacecraft docked in orbit with a Soviet made Soyuz vehicle and when the commander of the two crafts officials greeted each other their handshake in space served to symbolise the gradual improvement of U.S Soviet relations in the late Cold War era
How did the space run affect the rest of the world ?
Communication: earth is now surrounded by a network of satellites which provide broadband communication and high definition television, data used for either report and GPS navigation and positioning
Medical: the image processing used in CAT scans and radiography were both initially developed for deep space imaging and photography
Technology: the first worldwide portable computer and moused were created for space exploration and adapted for the commercial markets, even the wireless headsets we use today originate from NASA creating hands-free equipment for astronauts and pilots. Clear examples include the ball-point pen writing for space
What happened in 1 May 1960 ?
USA spie plane was shot down
What were the successes of peaceful co-existence ?
-in 1955 the Soviet Union signed a peace treaty with Austria and recalled the army of occupation
- was able to boast Soviet achievement in space calling particular attention to the launching of the Sputnik satellite in 1957
-signing the nuclear test ban treaty in October 1963 an agreement between the USA and the USSR to abandon nuclear detonations
-Khrushchev attendee to relations with the west such as Geneva symbolised the development of relationships
What were the failures of peaceful coexistence ?
-ussr had shot down an American U2 reconnaissance plane spying over Soviet territory
-east-west confrontation of the Cold War the Cuban missile crisis of 1962
-it proved hard to sustain in the face of the recurrent crisis over such unresolved Cold War issues as Germany and the arm race
