Chapter 4: Soviet Foregin And International Policies

Question 1

What was the development of the Cold War and the soviet empire 1945 ?

Answer 1

• by 1945 the United States adopted a policy of containment to restrict soviet global power
  -this policy then developed into a domino theory which stated that one country falling to communism meant the surrounding of countries were likely to fall as well
  -this policy ultimately pushed the USA to enter into wars in Korea, Vietnam and other Cold War conflicts
  -this pushed both the US and the USSR to implement spies in each other to find ways to hinder any effort at growing global power

Question 2

What was the Chinese revolution 1949 ?

Answer 2

-china communist party came to power in 1949 and had expressed some solidarity with the USSR

Question 3

Why was the always tension between the USSR and china ?

Answer 3

There was always tensions between china and the USSR because ideologically the USSR :Marxist Leninist path focused on the proletariat whilst in china 90% of the population were peasants so they followed the Maoist theory which showed how socialism could follow directly from a peasants revolution

Question 4

What was the Korean War 1950-53 ?

Answer 4

-the Korean War was a conflict between the democratic people’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (south Korea ) in which at least 2.5 million lost their lives
-in June 1950 North Korea supplied and advised by the Soviet Union invaded the south, the United Nation with the US as the principle participant joined the war on the side of South Korea and the china republic came to North Korea aid

Question 5

When did the Korean War finished and what was the aftermath ?

Answer 5

The fight ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states

Question 6

What was the creation of NATO and what did it focused on ?

Answer 6

• in 1949 the prospect of further communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other western nation to form the North Atlantic treaty organisation
• focused on the objective of creating a coordinate defence among its member nations in order to deter an enemy attack

Question 7

What was the response to the formation of NATO ?

Answer 7

The Soviet Union founded a rival alliance the Warsaw pact in 1955 which aimed to form a strong foundation against an enemy attack

Question 8

What were Khrushchev foreign policy aims ?

Answer 8

• establish a peaceful coexistence with the west
• form a huge dominating communist power bloc that stretched eastwards from Europe to the pacific

Question 9

How were china and the ussr ideologically different ?

Answer 9

China ideologically followed the Marxist theory showed how socialism could follow directly from a peasant revolution
Where areas ussr follow the Marxist Leninist belief which focused on proletariat revolution

Question 10

What were the causes of the sino soviet split in 1960 ?

Answer 10

• there was a competition between red china and the Soviet Union to see which of them was the real leader of the communist world
  -china begin a rural and agricultural society they struggled to be regarded as fully developed communist state
  -unintended consequences on attacking Stalin cult of personality seen as an insult on Mao’s own brand of leadership
  -china wanted full control and independence

Question 11

How did the sino split affected the ussr image ?

Answer 11

-negativity because it portrayed the ussr as a betrayer of communism
-it showed the failure of the aims of peaceful coexistence as they couldn’t even co exist with their neighbouring countries how could they do it with further abroad such as America

Question 12

When was the Berlin crisis ?

Answer 12

1961

Question 13

What had the west done during the 1950s ?

Answer 13

-west had poured money onto West Berlin

Question 14

What was the impact on this ?

Answer 14

Led to more better living standards and rapid development

Question 15

How did this compare to the communist east Berlin ?

Answer 15

It made the east seem very poor

Question 16

By 1958 what did the US fear ?

Answer 16

-That communist would increase and influence other countries
-nuclear development

Question 17

What did Khrushchev want to achieve in Berlin ?

Answer 17

• he wanted to remove USA achievements and intervention
  -propaganda victory
  -less intervention of Germany

Question 18

What happened on November 27 1958 ?

Answer 18

A six month ultimatum where west has to be a free city or Khrushchev would make a treaty with the GDPR

Question 19

What was the Hallstine doctrine ?

Answer 19

Was part of the party of the west Germany where they wont have a relationship with any country with GDPR

Question 20

What happened at camp David ?

Answer 20

It was a talk between USA president and Khrushchev

Question 21

Why was the Berlin wall constructed ?

Answer 21

Due to economic slump because many east Berlin immigrated to West Berlin which for Khrushchev was an embarrassment as they had more better living standards

Question 22

What happened on 13 august 1961 ?

Answer 22

Berlin Wall was constructed

Question 23

What was the link between what happened in Berlin and nuclear wall ?

Answer 23

Building this big wall was seen as a sensible alternative to avoid nuclear war

Question 24

What were Khrushchev foreign policy ?

Answer 24

• to make allies with the west
  -expand communism
  -close relations with communist nations

Question 25

Define peaceful co-existence ?

Answer 25

The term to describe the idea they could peacefully co-exist with different ideologies /paths

Question 26

Who was the party chairman of the people republic of china ?

Answer 26

Mao Zedong

Question 27

Why was Khrushchev keen to implement as policy of peaceful coexistence?

Answer 27

He wanted to avoid war with the west because of development of nuclear weapons

Question 28

Why was Khrushchev signing a treaty with the GDPR a danger ?

Answer 28

It would lead to USSR getting full control of Berlin

Question 29

Who built the Berlin Wall in 1961 ?

Answer 29

Walter Ulbricht

Question 30

What happened on October 22 1962 ?

Answer 30

Fleets of the USA intercepted the weapons that was heading into cuba from the USSR

Question 31

Why was this a dangerous situation?

Answer 31

The USSR would have missile station in America due to proximity of cuba to America

Question 32

Why did the usa find it difficult to keep track of what was happening in the USSR

Answer 32

Soviet Union was hiding their actions and making moves in secret

Question 33

What happened in the bay of pigs ?

Answer 33

USA attempted to overthrow Cuba’s government but had failed

Question 34

What was the link between cuba, the usa and the ussr ?

Answer 34

Cuba had soviet missile in their country, the usa and the ussr did not have a good relationship and Cuba was really close to America

Question 35

What would be the reach of these missile sites ?

Answer 35

1100 miles into Washington DC

Question 36

What did the USSR agree to ?

Answer 36

USA missile nuclear were tanked away in turkey in order to USSR agree

Question 37

Who was Fidel Castro ?

Answer 37

A left revolutionary leader who aligned himself with Soviet Union

Question 38

What was the significance of October 14 1962 ?

Answer 38

SS-4 middle range ballistic missile was photographed begin assembled for installation

Question 39

Why was the discovery of the missiles so concerning ?

Answer 39

The Cuban missiles were being installed so close to the US main land just 90 miles south of florida

Question 40

How did Kennedy respond ?

Answer 40

-employ the US navy to establish a blockade or quarantine of the island to prevent soviet resources
-deliver an ultimatum that the existing missiles be removed

Question 41

What could have escalated the situation further by October ?

Answer 41

On October 24 when soviet ships bound for cuba neared the line of US vessels enforcing the blockade

Question 42

Why was October 27 a turning point ?

Answer 42

An American reconnaissance plane was shot down over cuba and US invasion force was readied in florida

Question 43

How was the crisis averted ?

Answer 43

Khrushchev said he offered to remove the Cuban missile in exchange of cuba not begin invaded however USA offered to remove missile installations in turkey

Question 44

How did the crisis draw to a close ?

Answer 44

Kennedy administration decided to accept the terms of

Question 45

What was the space run ?

Answer 45

The space run was a 20th century struggle between two nations states the USSR and USA
The pursuit for both was to dominate of space flight technologies

Question 46

What were the origins of the space run ?

Answer 46

-Originated in the nuclear arm race between the two nations following the Second World War
-the technological advantage requires for such power were seen necessary for national security and political superiority

Question 47

What significant events were there in the space run ?

Answer 47

On October 4 1957 soviet R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile launched the first man made object to be placed into earth orbit

Question 48

How did the space run heat up by 1959 ?

Answer 48

NASA put the first man in space and quickly got overhead the USSR

Question 49

How did the US respond to soviet development in space ?

Answer 49

In 1958 USA launched their own satellite designed army under Werner Von Braun making the formation of NASA

Question 50

When was was NASA created ?

Answer 50

1958

Question 51

How successful was NASA ?

Answer 51

NASA put Armstrong the first man in the moon and increased funding to improve development

Question 52

Who won the space run ?

Answer 52

By landing on the moon the USA effectively won the space run

Question 53

What happened after the conclusion of the space run ?

Answer 53

In 1957 Apollo Spacecraft docked in orbit with a Soviet made Soyuz vehicle and when the commander of the two crafts officials greeted each other their handshake in space served to symbolise the gradual improvement of U.S Soviet relations in the late Cold War era

Question 54

How did the space run affect the rest of the world ?

Answer 54

Communication: earth is now surrounded by a network of satellites which provide broadband communication and high definition television, data used for either report and GPS navigation and positioning
Medical: the image processing used in CAT scans and radiography were both initially developed for deep space imaging and photography
Technology: the first worldwide portable computer and moused were created for space exploration and adapted for the commercial markets, even the wireless headsets we use today originate from NASA creating hands-free equipment for astronauts and pilots. Clear examples include the ball-point pen writing for space

Question 55

What happened in 1 May 1960 ?

Answer 55

USA spie plane was shot down

Question 56

What were the successes of peaceful co-existence ?

Answer 56

-in 1955 the Soviet Union signed a peace treaty with Austria and recalled the army of occupation
- was able to boast Soviet achievement in space calling particular attention to the launching of the Sputnik satellite in 1957
-signing the nuclear test ban treaty in October 1963 an agreement between the USA and the USSR to abandon nuclear detonations
-Khrushchev attendee to relations with the west such as Geneva symbolised the development of relationships

Question 57

What were the failures of peaceful coexistence ?

Answer 57

-ussr had shot down an American U2 reconnaissance plane spying over Soviet territory
-east-west confrontation of the Cold War the Cuban missile crisis of 1962
-it proved hard to sustain in the face of the recurrent crisis over such unresolved Cold War issues as Germany and the arm race