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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4-Skin and Body Membranes > Flashcards

Chapter 4-Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs.

A

Body membranes

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2
Q

Two major groups of body membranes

A

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membrane

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3
Q

These includes the cutaneous, mucous, and serous membrane. This is also called as the covering and lining membrane.

A

Epithelial membrane

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4
Q

This is represented by synovial membranes

A

Connective tissue membrane

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5
Q

It is exposed to air and is a dry membrane

A

Cutaneous membrane

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6
Q

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Superficial epidermis

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7
Q

It is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue.

A

Dermis

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8
Q

It is composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane

A

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

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9
Q

A loose connective tissue membrane where one of the membrane rests

A

Lamina propria

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10
Q

This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior such as the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

A

Mucous membrane

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11
Q

They are moist membranes that are almost continuously bathed in secretions.

A

Mucous membrane

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12
Q

It is also called as serosa, and is conposed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

A

Serous membrane

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13
Q

These line the body cavities that are closed to the exterior

A

Serius membrane

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14
Q

It lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.

A

Parietal layer

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15
Q

It covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.

A

Visceral layer

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16
Q

These separated by a scanty amount of thin, clear fluid

A

Serous fluid

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17
Q

That lines the abdominal cavity and covering the organs

A

Peritoneum

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18
Q

Surrounding the lungs

A

Pleura

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19
Q

Around the heart

A

Pericardia

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20
Q

Composed of loose areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all.

A

Synovial membrane

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21
Q

These membranes line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where the provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid

A

Synovial membrane

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22
Q

Small sacs of connective tissue

A

Bursae

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23
Q

Tubelike of connective tissue

A

Tendon sheaths

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24
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A 
Mechanical damage (bumps and scars)
Chemical damage (acids and bases)
Bacterial damage (microbes)
Ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight)
Thermal (heat or cold) damage
Desiccation (drying out)
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention (controlled by the nervous system)
Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
Synthesizes vitamin D
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25
Q

Resists abrasion on the skin’s surface and also reduces water loss through the skin

A

Epidermis

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26
Q

Bulk of f skin. 10-20 times thicker than the epidermis

Responsible for the structural strength of the skin

A

Dermis

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27
Q

Made up of stratified squamous epithelium and is avascular

A

Epidermis

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28
Q

Cell types

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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29
Q

Produces a protein mixture called keratin, which makes the cells hard

A

Keratinocytes

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30
Q

Contribute to skin color

A

Melanocytes

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31
Q

Part of the immune system

A

Langerhans cells

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32
Q

Specialized epidermal cells associated with the nerve endings for detecting light touch and superficial pressure

A

Merkel cells

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33
Q

Process of new formed cells, the push older cells to the surface when they slough off

A

Desquamatio

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34
Q

Deeper epidermal layers move to the surface, the cells change shape and chemical composition

A

Keratinization

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35
Q

5 epithelial strata/ layers of epidermis

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosm
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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36
Q

Deepest cell layer of the epidermis and it also lies closest to the dermis

A

Stratum basale

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37
Q

Stem cells in this layer are constantly dividing, and millions of new cells are produced daily; hence its alternative name is __________

A

Stratum germinativum

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38
Q

As these cells are constantly dividing and the daughter cells are destined to become epidermal cells are pushed forward, away from the nutrition, to becom part of the more superficial layers, the ________________ and _______________

A

Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosm

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39
Q

As they leave the stratum granulosm, theh die, forming the clear _______, which is only present where the skin is hairless and extra thick like the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

A

Stratum Lucidum

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40
Q

The outermost layer, 20-30 cell layers thick and three quarters of the epidermal thickness

A

Stratum corneum

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41
Q

The dermis consists of two major regions

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

42
Q

Superficial dermal layer

A

Papillary layer

43
Q

It is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface called

A

Dermal papillae

44
Q

Deepest skin layer

A

Reticular layer

45
Q

It contains dense irregular connective tissue, as well as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called

A

Lamellar corpuscles

46
Q

What are found throughout the dermis?

A

Collagen and elastin fibers

47
Q

These are fibers that are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated.

A

Collagen fibers

48
Q

Gives the skin its elasticity when we are young

A

Elastic fibers

49
Q

What are the three pigments contribute to skin color?

A

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

50
Q

The amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or black) in the epidermis

A

Melanin

51
Q

Deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue. The skin tends to take on a yellow-orange cast.

A

Carotene

52
Q

Oxygen-rich (pigment in RBC’s) in the blood vessel

A

Haemoglobin

53
Q

Large amounts of melanin are found in certain regions of the skin

A 
Freckles
Moles
Nipples
Areolae
Axillae
Genitalia
54
Q

Less melanin areas

A

Lips
Palms of the hands
Soles of the feet

55
Q

What condition does a person have if the hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated and both the blood and the skin of light-skinned people appear blue?

A

Cyanosis

56
Q

Reddened skin

A

Erythema

57
Q

And abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in whivh excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body and is deposited in body tissues

A

Jaundice

58
Q

The black and blue marks, where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces

A

Brusies

59
Q

Clotted masses

A

Hematomas

60
Q

Bleeder’s disease

A

Hemophilia

61
Q

Recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin

A

Albinism

62
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A

Cutaneous glands
Hair and Hair follicles
Nails

63
Q

Cutaneous glands is made up of two groups

A

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

64
Q

This is found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

65
Q

What is the by-product of the sebaceous glands, which is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells?

A

Sebum

66
Q

What happens when sebaceous gland ducts are blocked by sebum and is an active infection of the sebaceous glands?

A

Acne

67
Q

If the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it darkens and forms a _______

A

Blackheads

68
Q

It doesn’t dry or darken

A

Whitehead

69
Q

Known as the “cradle cap” in infants, is caused by overactivity of the sebaceous glands

A

Seborrhoea

70
Q

This is also called as sudoriferous glands.

A

Sweat glands

71
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

72
Q

They produce sweat (water+salts, vit. C, traces of metabolic wastes, lactic acid) and is important and highly efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment

A

Eccrine sweat glands

73
Q

Largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body

A

Apocrine glands

74
Q

The secretion is odourless, but when bacteria live on the skin use its proteins and fats as source of nutrients for their growth, it can take on a musky, sometimes unpleasant odor.

A

Apocrine glands

75
Q

It is flexible epithelial structure

A

Hair

76
Q

Part of the hair enclosed in the hair follicle

A

Root

77
Q

Part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin

A

Shaft

78
Q

Made by melanocytes in the hair bulb

A

Hair pigment

79
Q

hair is smooth, silky, and wavy

A

Hair shaft is oval

80
Q

Hair is curly or kinky

A

Shaft is flat and ribbonlike

81
Q

Hair is straight and tends to be coarse

A

Shaft is perfectly round

82
Q

Composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair

A

Epithelial root sheath

83
Q

Dermal connective tissue

A

Outer fibrous sheath

84
Q

Provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb(deepest part of the follicle)

A

Hair papilla

85
Q

Small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue. “Goose bumps”

A

Arrector pili

86
Q

It is a scalelike modification of the dermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals

A

Nail

87
Q

Each nail has ________________

A

Free edge, body(visible attached portion), and a root

88
Q

Stratum basale pf the epidermis extends beneath the nail

A

Nail bed

89
Q

Borders of the nail are overlapped by folds of skin

A

Nail folds

90
Q

Edge of the thick proximal nail fold

A

Cuticle

91
Q

Itchy red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with thw fungus (tinae pedis)

A

Athelete’s foot

92
Q

Caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tisses, found on the dorsal neck

A

Boils

93
Q

Cluster of boils often caused by the bacterium (staphylococcus bacteria

A

Carbuncles

94
Q

Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and ating, caused hy human herpesvirus 1 infection. Occurs usually around the lips, and the oral mucosa of the mouth and nose

A

Cold sores(fever blisters)

95
Q

Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering

A

Contact dermatitis

96
Q

Caused by the exposure of the skin to chemicals

A

Contact dermatitis

97
Q

Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Highly contagious and common in elementary school aged children

A

Impetigo

98
Q

Reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed.

A

Psoriasis

99
Q

A chronic condition believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues, leading to overproduction of skin cells. And is triggered because of trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress.

A

•Psoriasis

100
Q

Blood in the potential space of the lungs

A

Hemothorax

101
Q

Water inside the potential fluid of the lungs

A

Hydrothorax

102
Q

Air inside the potential fluid of the lungs

A

Pneumothorax

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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