Chapter 4-Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs.
A
Body membranes
2
Q
Two major groups of body membranes
A
Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membrane
3
Q
These includes the cutaneous, mucous, and serous membrane. This is also called as the covering and lining membrane.
A
Epithelial membrane
4
Q
This is represented by synovial membranes
A
Connective tissue membrane
5
Q
It is exposed to air and is a dry membrane
A
Cutaneous membrane
6
Q
Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
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Superficial epidermis
7
Q
It is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue.
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Dermis
8
Q
It is composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane
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Mucous membrane (mucosa)
9
Q
A loose connective tissue membrane where one of the membrane rests
A
Lamina propria
10
Q
This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior such as the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
A
Mucous membrane
11
Q
They are moist membranes that are almost continuously bathed in secretions.
A
Mucous membrane
12
Q
It is also called as serosa, and is conposed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
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Serous membrane
13
Q
These line the body cavities that are closed to the exterior
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Serius membrane
14
Q
It lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity.
A
Parietal layer
15
Q
It covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.
A
Visceral layer
16
Q
These separated by a scanty amount of thin, clear fluid
A
Serous fluid
17
Q
That lines the abdominal cavity and covering the organs
A
Peritoneum
18
Q
Surrounding the lungs
A
Pleura
19
Q
Around the heart
A
Pericardia
20
Q
Composed of loose areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all.
A
Synovial membrane
21
Q
These membranes line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where the provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid
A
Synovial membrane
22
Q
Small sacs of connective tissue
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Bursae
23
Q
Tubelike of connective tissue
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Tendon sheaths
24
Q
Functions of integumentary system
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Mechanical damage (bumps and scars) Chemical damage (acids and bases) Bacterial damage (microbes) Ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight) Thermal (heat or cold) damage Desiccation (drying out) Aids in body heat loss or heat retention (controlled by the nervous system) Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid Synthesizes vitamin D
25
Resists abrasion on the skin’s surface and also reduces water loss through the skin
Epidermis
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Bulk of f skin. 10-20 times thicker than the epidermis
| Responsible for the structural strength of the skin
Dermis
27
Made up of stratified squamous epithelium and is avascular
Epidermis
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Cell types
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
29
Produces a protein mixture called keratin, which makes the cells hard
Keratinocytes
30
Contribute to skin color
Melanocytes
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Part of the immune system
Langerhans cells
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Specialized epidermal cells associated with the nerve endings for detecting light touch and superficial pressure
Merkel cells
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Process of new formed cells, the push older cells to the surface when they slough off
Desquamatio
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Deeper epidermal layers move to the surface, the cells change shape and chemical composition
Keratinization
35
5 epithelial strata/ layers of epidermis
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Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosm
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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36
Deepest cell layer of the epidermis and it also lies closest to the dermis
Stratum basale
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Stem cells in this layer are constantly dividing, and millions of new cells are produced daily; hence its alternative name is __________
Stratum germinativum
38
As these cells are constantly dividing and the daughter cells are destined to become epidermal cells are pushed forward, away from the nutrition, to becom part of the more superficial layers, the ________________ and _______________
Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosm
39
As they leave the stratum granulosm, theh die, forming the clear _______, which is only present where the skin is hairless and extra thick like the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Stratum Lucidum
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The outermost layer, 20-30 cell layers thick and three quarters of the epidermal thickness
Stratum corneum
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The dermis consists of two major regions
Papillary layer and reticular layer
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Superficial dermal layer
Papillary layer
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It is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface called
Dermal papillae
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Deepest skin layer
Reticular layer
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It contains dense irregular connective tissue, as well as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called
Lamellar corpuscles
46
What are found throughout the dermis?
Collagen and elastin fibers
47
These are fibers that are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated.
Collagen fibers
48
Gives the skin its elasticity when we are young
Elastic fibers
49
What are the three pigments contribute to skin color?
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
50
The amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or black) in the epidermis
Melanin
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Deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue. The skin tends to take on a yellow-orange cast.
Carotene
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Oxygen-rich (pigment in RBC’s) in the blood vessel
Haemoglobin
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Large amounts of melanin are found in certain regions of the skin
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Freckles
Moles
Nipples
Areolae
Axillae
Genitalia
```
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Less melanin areas
Lips
Palms of the hands
Soles of the feet
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What condition does a person have if the hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated and both the blood and the skin of light-skinned people appear blue?
Cyanosis
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Reddened skin
Erythema
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And abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in whivh excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body and is deposited in body tissues
Jaundice
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The black and blue marks, where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces
Brusies
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Clotted masses
Hematomas
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Bleeder’s disease
Hemophilia
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Recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin
Albinism
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What are the appendages of the skin?
Cutaneous glands
Hair and Hair follicles
Nails
63
Cutaneous glands is made up of two groups
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
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This is found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
Sebaceous (oil) glands
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What is the by-product of the sebaceous glands, which is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells?
Sebum
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What happens when sebaceous gland ducts are blocked by sebum and is an active infection of the sebaceous glands?
Acne
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If the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it darkens and forms a _______
Blackheads
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It doesn’t dry or darken
Whitehead
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Known as the “cradle cap” in infants, is caused by overactivity of the sebaceous glands
Seborrhoea
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This is also called as sudoriferous glands.
Sweat glands
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Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
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They produce sweat (water+salts, vit. C, traces of metabolic wastes, lactic acid) and is important and highly efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment
Eccrine sweat glands
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Largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body
Apocrine glands
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The secretion is odourless, but when bacteria live on the skin use its proteins and fats as source of nutrients for their growth, it can take on a musky, sometimes unpleasant odor.
Apocrine glands
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It is flexible epithelial structure
Hair
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Part of the hair enclosed in the hair follicle
Root
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Part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin
Shaft
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Made by melanocytes in the hair bulb
Hair pigment
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hair is smooth, silky, and wavy
Hair shaft is oval
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Hair is curly or kinky
Shaft is flat and ribbonlike
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Hair is straight and tends to be coarse
Shaft is perfectly round
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Composed of epithelial tissue and forms the hair
Epithelial root sheath
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Dermal connective tissue
Outer fibrous sheath
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Provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb(deepest part of the follicle)
Hair papilla
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Small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue. “Goose bumps”
Arrector pili
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It is a scalelike modification of the dermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals
Nail
87
Each nail has ________________
Free edge, body(visible attached portion), and a root
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Stratum basale pf the epidermis extends beneath the nail
Nail bed
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Borders of the nail are overlapped by folds of skin
Nail folds
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Edge of the thick proximal nail fold
Cuticle
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Itchy red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with thw fungus (tinae pedis)
Athelete’s foot
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Caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tisses, found on the dorsal neck
Boils
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Cluster of boils often caused by the bacterium (staphylococcus bacteria
Carbuncles
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Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and ating, caused hy human herpesvirus 1 infection. Occurs usually around the lips, and the oral mucosa of the mouth and nose
Cold sores(fever blisters)
95
Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering
Contact dermatitis
96
Caused by the exposure of the skin to chemicals
Contact dermatitis
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Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Highly contagious and common in elementary school aged children
Impetigo
98
Reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed.
Psoriasis
99
A chronic condition believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues, leading to overproduction of skin cells. And is triggered because of trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress.
•Psoriasis
100
Blood in the potential space of the lungs
Hemothorax
101
Water inside the potential fluid of the lungs
Hydrothorax
102
Air inside the potential fluid of the lungs
Pneumothorax
