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Secondary 1: Science > Chapter 4: Separation Techniques > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Separation Techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

pure substance

A
  • it is not mixed with any other substance
  • fixed melting and boiling point
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2
Q

solutions

A

well-mixed (homogeneous)

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3
Q

suspensions

A

not well-mixed (heterogeneous)

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4
Q

filtration

A

separates insoluble particles from a liquid in a suspension

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5
Q

what is the solid left behind on the filter paper (filtration)

A

residue

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6
Q

what is the liquid / solution that passes through the filter paper (filtration)

A

filtrate

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7
Q

why can’t the insoluble solid particles pass through the pores of the filter paper (filtration)

A

they are too large

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8
Q

evaporation to dryness (liquid-solid)

A

to obtain a soluble solid from a solution by heating the solution until all the solvent has boiled off

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9
Q

what substances cannot be obtained through evaporation to dryness

A

substances that decompose upon heating (eg. sugar)

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10
Q

solute and solvent

A

solute (solid) is dissolved in the solvent (liquid) to form a solution

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11
Q

simple distillation (liquid-liquid)

A

separates 2 liquids of different boiling points from a solution
involves boiling and condensation

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12
Q

process of simple distillation

A
  1. solution is heated by a bunsen burner (luminous flame)
  2. liquid with the lower boiling point will gain heat and turn into vapour
  3. the vapour condenses in the condenser into its liquid state
  4. the liquid will be collected as distillate
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13
Q

why is the bulb of the thermometer placed beside the side arm of the distillation flask?

A

to ensure the thermometer measures the boiling point of the substance that is being distilled

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14
Q

purpose of boiling chips

A

to smoothen boiling process (reduces the bubbles on the surface of the solution)

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15
Q

why does water from the surroundings enter the condenser? (water in) (distillation)

A

to ensure the entire condenser is filled with cold water
condenses the vapour

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16
Q

applications of distillation

A

production of distilled water
desalination
production of alcoholic drinks
production of perfumes
food flavourings

17
Q

paper chromatography

A
  • separates 2 or more components that dissolves in the solvent
  • used to identify components in mixtures
18
Q

a more soluble component travels a ? distance (paper chromatography)
a. further
b. shorter

A

a. further

19
Q

the larger the Rf value, the ? soluble the component of the solvent (paper chromatography)
a. more
b. less

A

a. more

20
Q

formula for Rf value (paper chromatography)

A

distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent

*just remember smaller value / larger value
*round to 3 sf

21
Q

impure substance

A

does not have fixed melting and boiling points

22
Q

effects of impurities on melting point of a substance

A

-melts over a range of temperature
-can melt below melting point
-*more impurities=lower melting point

23
Q

effects on impurities on the boiling point of a substance

A

-boils over a range of temperature
-boils above boiling point
-*more impurities=higher boiling point

24
Q

crystallisation (solid-solid)

A

separates soluble solute that decomposes on heating from its solution

25
Q

as the mass of dissolved solute increases, the temperature of the remaining solute ? (crystallisation)
a. increases
b. decreases

A

a. increases

26
Q

define solubility

A

the ability to dissolve in a solvent

27
Q

process of crystallisation to obtain salt

A
  1. dissolve the impure copper(ii) sulfate crystals in water
  2. filter and collect the filtrate which is copper(ii) sulfate solution
  3. heat the solution until saturated
  4. filter to collect the crystals
28
Q

saturated solution

A

it contains all solute components and can dissolve at a certain temperature

29
Q

unsaturated solution

A

any solution that dissolves more solute at a higher temperature

30
Q

relationship between saturated solution and unsaturated solution

A

when a saturated solution is heated to a higher temperature, it becomes unsaturated.
when it is cooled, it becomes unsaturated

31
Q

fractional distillation

A

is used to separate misciblr liquids with different but close boiling points

32
Q

why are there glass beads in the fractionated column (fractional distillation)

A

provides a large surface area for vapour to condense on

33
Q

what happens to the vapour in the fractionating column (fractional distillation)

A

vapour with higher boiling point condenses along the fractionating column and re-enters the round-bottomed flask

Secondary 1: Science (1 decks)

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