Chapter 4 Russification and Anti-Semitism Flashcards
Russification under AII and AIII
What was Russification?
The belief that Russian culture was superior and to create a single national identity across the Russian Empire
Why was Russification needed?
Policy making for all 100 ethnic groups was hard
Necessary to hold Empire together
Russian national identity to increase military control
Russia needed unity between different nationalities
Growth of ethnic minorities threatened the Russian Empire
How was Russia a multi-national Empire?
Had over 100 different ethnic groups with distinctive national identities and cultures
How much of the proportion was Slavs?
2/3
Who lived in the north of European Russia?
Finns, Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians
Where did Lutheran Germans live?
Baltic area
Who lived near the West?
Catholic Poles and Jews
How many Romanians lived in Bessarabia?
1 million
Who lived in the Caucasus?
Georgians and Azerbaijanis
Where did Ukrainians?
South and south-west
Where did the Tatars live?
East-central Russia in Tatarstan
Why was the Muslim population up to 10 million?
Continual Imperial expansion in Asia
Why was the diverse Empire a challenge to autocracy?
National ideology developing which provoked ethnic groups to assert identities and national cultures which was contrary to the autocracy which wanted national superiority
Describe the Polish rebellion 1830?
Polish nationalism surfaces when young officers revolt when independence stripped
This created national uprisings
In the 1840s what group was set up?
Finish language pressure group and local newspapers founded in the Baltic region
What did the secret “Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius” do?
Encouraged the separation of Ukrainian Slavs from Russia
What was Alexander II’s opinion on Russification?
More concerned with matters of racial superiority and didn’t persecute ethnic minorities
Describe 1 challenge to AII authority?
The Polish rebellion in 1863 with more than 200,000 Poles creating a National Government for Poland saw a guerilla warfare taking place and the Poles were crushed in 1864
What were Latvians and Estonians allowed to keep as a result of decrees in 1864 and 1875?
Revert to Lutheranism where previously Orthodox was demandedW
What were Finns allowed to do?
Have their own Parliament
Give three examples of AII’s growing intolerance of national differences?
Supressed Ukrainian national identity by preventing Ukrainian language in publications
Banned Lithuanians and Poles holding public jobs
Ministers keen to reinforce regime prohibited the use of spoken Polish language
Describe AIII attitude to Russification
More hostile attitude to ethnic minorities and national differences
He destroyed non-Russian cultures and set on a path of ultra nationalism
What is cultural Russification
AIII ministers wanted to force everyone into a single nation with a shared identity and make Russian culture superior to others
When was the Polish National Bank closed?
1885
Describe 4 restrictions placed on Finland?
Parliament re-organised to weaken political influence.
Use of Russian language demanded
Independent postal service was abolished
Russian coinage replaced local currency
Describe two restrictions placed on Poland?
Schools and universities had to teach subjects in Russia
Administration changed to curb independence
Who surprisedly faced aggressive Russification from the Tsar?
The Baltic Germans as they had enjoyed protection from predecessors
What measures were introduced between 1885 and 1889?
Measures to enforce the use of Russian language in all state offices, schools, police force and judicial system - meant schools were Russified
What name did the University of Dorpar become?
Iurev University
Where did Russification extend to?
Belorussia, Georgia and Ukraine
What occurred in Ukraine under AIII?
Limited use of language in 1883 and in 1884 all theatres were closed
What occurred in the military under AIII?
Military services arrangements were extended into areas exempt and conscripts from national areas were dispersed to prevent national groupings developing in the army
Russian became main language in the army
Where were the 4 uprisings of ethnic minorities in the Further East?
Guriya, Georgia in 1892
Bashkira in 1884
Armenia in 1886
Tashkent in 1892
Subject to further Russification
Where were most people adherent to?
Orthodox Church
How many Lutheran converted to Orthodoxy to take advantage of special measures?
37000 in the Baltic region
What happened in Poland Churches under AIII?
Catholic monasteries were closed
Influence of priests declined
More incentive for non-Catholic to settle here
Who tried to convert people of other faiths through forced masses and baptisms?
The All-Russian Orthodox Missionary Society in Asia
What year where non-Orthodox Churches not allowed to build new buildings/
1883
Why were people exiled to Siberia?
If they tried to convert someone of the Orthodox Church to another faith
What did the Department of Police record in June 1888?
332 cases of unrest in 61 of the 92 provinces and districts - 43 of these in 9 of the 12 central provinces
In how many of these cases where military used?
51
Which groups were resentful of Russification?
Educated and wealthy Finns, Poles and Baltic Germans
How did these groups show resentment to Russification?
National groups petitioned for liberties and secretly published local language books
Ethnic groups existed
Why did people support Russification?
Necessary to unite the country
Believed acting for greater good
Wanted to improve administration, allow for modernisation and reassert Russian strength in the Empire.
Time of nationalistic feeling
What did Russification actually do?
Intensified national feeling among non-Russian in the Empire
Drove wealthier citizens to emigrate
More persuaded to join political opposition groups
What was anti-Semitism?
Certain persecution of Jews that may be hatred towards a community
Jews suffered a lot as a result from intense nationalism
How may Jews lived in the Russian Empire?
5 million
From what year where Jews confined to the Pale of Settlement?
1736
What was the Pale of Settlement?
A region in the south and west part of European Russia which comprised 20% of Russia
When was the Pale created/
1791
Where did anti-Semitism exist in AII reign?
Among poorer elements in society
Give three reasons as to why anti-Semitism existed?
Teachings of the Church taught dislike to Jews
Personal riches
AII had allowed wealthier Jews to settle elsewhere
After the Polish revolt, what did AII do?
Withdrew concessions and reduced participation of Jews in zemstva
Who encouraged AIII to pursue Anti-Semitism?
His ministers like Pobedonostse who used slogans
Give three reasons why anti-Semitism existed under AIII?
Religious grounds - crucifixion
Political concerns over his father’s assassination - right wing press encouraged belief Jews had orchestrated the assassination
Fear of Jewish involvement in growing opposition movements
When and where did anti-Jewish pogroms start?
In April 1881 in Ukraine Yelizavetgrad
What did the early pogroms start?
Business competition in the railway
Encouraged by the Okhrana using a link to the assassination
What was the government reaction to the pogroms?
Authorities were slow to act and did little to stop the violence
Holy League Organisation helped to coordinate early attacks - supported by Pobedonostsev
Where did the riots spread?
Ukrainian towns to Warsaw and many Jews fled into Western Europe
How many cities were affected?
16
What occurred during riots?
Property burnet and shops destroyed, murder and other crimes
What were the consequences of the riots?
Many Jews left the country - some were forcibly deported from Kiev in 1886
Forced many to join revolutionary groups and socialist organisations
What occurred in 1890 with anti-Semitism?
Foreign Jews and Russian Jews who lived outside the Pale were deported
How many Jewish artisans were expelled from Moscow in 1891-1892?
10000
What di the Grand Duke Alexandrovich, AIII brother do?
Made Governor-General in 1892 and forced 20000 Jews from the city during Passover
What decree was passed in 1882?
Reduced number of Jewish doctors in the Russia army as they had the rights of army officers
May Laws ordered 14 apothecaries to shut down businesses
What anti-Semitic legislation was passed in 1886?
No Jew can be elected to board of an orphan asylum
Jews engaged with selling alcohol can only do from own home
What anti-Semitic legislation was passed in 1887?
Jews graduated outside Russia didn’t have the right to reside outside the Pale
Jews admitted to schools and universities regulated - 10% in Pale, 5% outside and 3% in capitals
What anti-Semitic legislation was passed in 1889?
Jews need a special permit from the Minister of Justice to be elected to the Bar and needed consent to become a barrister
What anti-Semitic legislation was passed in 1881?
Non-Christians cannot buy property in provinces of Akmolinsk, Semirietchensk, Uralsk and Turgai
What anti-Semitic legislation was passed in 1892?
Jews banned from participating in local elections and didn’t have the right to be elected to town dumas.
Mining Industry closed to Jews
