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England 1485-1603 > Chapter 4: reign of Henry VIII after 1529 > Flashcards

Chapter 4: reign of Henry VIII after 1529 Flashcards

1
Q

How did Henry try to put pressure on the Church to issue the divorce?

A

Through a vast number of acts

-> used legal measures to pressure church

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2
Q

Acts Henry used

A

1529: MPs attacked widespread abuses in church
- > excuse for Henry to claim church needed reform & put pressure on church to deal with ‘abuses’

1530: Church charged with praemunire (withdrawn in 31 w/ payment fine)
- > church charged with treason

1532: MPs asked H to take action against clerical abuse of legal powers
- > church faced with legal action and under pressure from parliament to reform

1532: church had to surrender right to enact new clerical laws. clergy agreed and voted through the Submission of the Clergy
- > church losing legal power and under more control from

1532: Act in Restraint of Annates banned payments of clerical taxes to Rome
- > church in Rome & pope also under attack

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3
Q

Act in Restraint of Appeals

A

1533

prevented any appeals to any authority outside of England on list of issues mentioned in act (e.g divorce)

Catherine prevented from appealing to pope and it allowed Archbishop of Canterbury (Cranmer) to pronounce on it

imp. for divorce because it took away CofA power and gave it to AofC who support H -> able to give H divorce legally

AofC said King = God so had power to issue divorce

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4
Q

Legislation passed by Parliament

A

Feb 1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals (POWER)

Jan 1534: Act in Restraint of Annates (MONEY)

March 1534: The Act of Submission of the Clergy (POWER & DOCTRINE)

March 1534: The Act of Succession (DYNASTIC POWER)

March 1534: The Dispensations Act (MONEY, POWER & DOCTRINE)

November 1534: The Act of Supremacy (POWER & DOCTRINE)

December 1534: The Act for First Fruit & Tenths (MONEY)

December 1534: The Treason Act (POWER)

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5
Q

The Act of Submission of the Clergy

A

gave king control of convocation

prevented church contact with Rome

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6
Q

The Act of Succession

A
  • ended CofA claim to be Henry’s wife
  • made Mary illegitimate
  • marriage to Anne declared legal & treason to deny it
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7
Q

The Dispensations Act

A
  • stopped all payments to Rome

- gave AofC right to decide all legal cases that departed from Church law

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8
Q

The Act of Supremacy (!!!!!!!!)

A

-Henry = in control over church

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9
Q

The Act for the First Fruit & Tenths

A

holders of Church jobs had to pass some money to the king

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10
Q

The Treason Act

A

crime to criticise marriage, changes and succession

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11
Q

Significance of jurisdictional changes from 1533-34

A

gave H legal power over church

church therefore declined in both practical and constitutional importance as power shifted from church to state

increased power of H whilst decreasing power of church

church never able to challenge state

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12
Q

Why did Henry break from Rome?

A

DIVORCE

  • planted question in H mind over who should control church
  • H questioned papal authority over legitimacy of marriage to CofA but tried to find a solution that involved Pope -> not about papal authority

DOCTRINE

  • does not feature strongly in legislation of Reformation Parliament
  • Cromwell & H driving forces behind religious change (not AofC)
  • break from Rome predominantly political (Cranmer therefore marginalised)

DOSH
-legislations show money = exploited during break but not a motivational factor

LARGLY ABOUT H DRIVE FOR POWER

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13
Q

A.G Dickens (1964)

A

Reformist ideas pushed H into Reformation

Lollards paved way for Reformation
-> forces from below pushed H into it

H broke from Rome because of doctrine

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14
Q

Timeline of religious change

A

1536-39: move towards Protestantism

1539-40: return to Catholicism

1541-43: religious confusion

1544-47: Reformers win

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15
Q

Move towards Protestantism

A

1536: Act of the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries
- monasteries under £200 closed down

1536: Act of Ten Articles
- rejected 4 of the 7 sacraments (kept Baptism, Eucharist & Penance)

1536: Royal Injunctions
- attacked Catholic practice of pilgrimage. gave money for education

1537: Matthew’s Bible
- king-approved Protestant bible

1537: Bishop’s Book
- status of priests, mass & purgatory kept vague -> all of these issues had been central to Catholicism

1538: Royal Injunctions
- English Bible in all parishes within 2 years

1539: Great Bible

1539: Dissolution of Greater Monasteries
- all monasteries closed & land passed to crown

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16
Q

Why did these changes take place?

A

Cromwell significant in reforming England

  • put pressure on Bishops
  • wrote to JPs to enforce rules
  • Bishop’s Book attacked Catholic belief
  • v. influential in English Bible
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17
Q

Return to Catholic practice

A

1538: John Lambert executed for denying transubstantiation

1539: Act of Six Articles
- attacked reform beliefs and confirmed trad. practices
(e. g transubstantiation)

1540: Cromwell arrested & executed

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18
Q

Religious confusion

A

1540: marriage to Prot. AofC annulled
1540: marriage to Cath. CH
1542: execution of CH
1543: protection of Cranmer against Catholics

1543: Act for Advancement of True Religion
- restricted English Bible to the upper-class in private (not banned though)

1543: The King’s Book
- revised Bishop’s Book & defended transubstantiation
- encouraged preaching & attacked images

1543: marriage to Prot. CP

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19
Q

Reformer’s win

A

1544: English Litany introduced
- replaced Cath. use of Latin litany (not comp.)

1544: John Cheke appointed tutor to Ed
- Prot. humanist

1545: Anne Ashew burnt for denying transubstantiation
1546: Prot. regency council dominated by reformists

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20
Q

Why were the monasteries dissolved?

A

Political - power/loyalty

Religion

Finance

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21
Q

Political reasons for dissolution

A

monasteries played huge role in society, had farmland (money &power) & centre for pilgrimage (influential)

-> had power & influence that H threatened by (some monks opposed Reformation - pot. for uprising)

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22
Q

Religious reasons for dissolution

A
  • upheld trad. religion with support for purgatory
  • protestants did not believe in value of rel. houses
  • monasteries owed allegiance to main house of order usually outside of Eng. (conflicted with AofRofA)
  • monks opposed reform and some behaved badly
  • religion = imp. for Cromwell
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23
Q

Financial reasons for dissolution

A

H already spent inheritance on war & there = threat of invasion

larger monasteries had income of £1000 a year

funds remove need for parliamentary tax (gain popularity)

more land used as patronage (H able to buy off pot. opp. e.g Duke of Norfolk

crown income doubled - rich get richer but poor get poorer

no social help for poor

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24
Q

Individuals who opposed religious change

A

Sir Thomas More

John Fisher

Carthusian monks and Franciscan friars

Elizabeth Barton

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25
Q

Thomas More

A

Resigned as Lord Chancellor and refused to swear oath of Supremacy

executed - must have been threat
believed in powers of Pope

actions not v threatening/ didn’t pose as much of an issue to crown

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26
Q

John Fisher

A

refused to swear Oath of Supremacy

executed - must have been seen as threat
believed in power of Pope and pot. to up rise

actions not v threatening -no social impact of his actions

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27
Q

Carthusian monks and Franciscan friars

A

resisted charges

disagreed w/ break from Rome
larger group of people -> more potential for larger up rising
harsh action taken - threat

houses closed, imprisoned and some executed – threat removed

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28
Q

Elizabeth Barton

A

opposed the divorce
prophesised H would loose throne

executed

only a prophecy by one person

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29
Q

Why was there so little opposition to English reformation?

A

Shaken: done with people rather than to them and many actively engaged in it

active compliance; lots of opposition reported

no change to doctrine

church services continued as normal

people thought H would restore Pope as head

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30
Q

Pilgrimage of Grace

A

Oct 1536 - Spring 1537

Causes listed in Pontefract Articles

rumours of further taxation on livestock etc.
issue of succession - Mary & Elizabeth illegitimate
Papal Supremacy = correct (Article 2)
wanted abbeys restored (Article 4)
enclosure
dissolution of monasteries

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31
Q

The Lincolnshire Rising

A

protests began in Louth when people believed their parish Church was under threat

they took up arms against Cromwell’s Commissioner’s due to fears Cromwell would use his power to attack church property and raise money for H’s FP

Louth rebels joined by local gentry and followers (force between 20,000 - 40,000 by Oct 36)

32
Q

Threat scale of Lincolnshire Rising

A

Threat:

  • v large scale rebellion (too big for local forces to deal with) and support from gentry
  • rebellion acted as blueprint for PofG which was a major threat
  • rebellion grew v quickly

Not threat:
-king managed to persuade rebels to stand down before conflict was engaged in

33
Q

What happened during the PofG?

A

Oct 1st 36: Lincolnshire Rising begins

Oct 4th-10th 36: Aske began raising troops

Oct 11th 36: 10,000 Lincolnshire rebels assemble but disperse

Oct 16th 36: Aske led force of 10000 to York and created York Articles. Then marched to Pontefract and no. increased to 40,000 rebels

19th Oct 36: Second rebel force mustered at Beverly by Stapulton (lawyer) and moved to Hull. Arrived at Pontefract on 22nd Oct

11th-19th Oct 36: North Riding rose @ Richmond under Bowes. Arrived @ Pontefract w/ 4000-10000 men from North (Durham etc.)

21st Oct 36: Lord Darcy surrendered @ Pontefract Castle to pilgrims. Aske = joined by regional forces.

27th Oct 36: Royal army of 8000 reach north led by Duke of Norfolk. Truce negotiated in Doncaster where H agreed to pardon most rebels

4th Dec 36: Aske presented Pontefract Articles to Norfolk. Rebels = pardoned

Jan 1537: H not implementing pilgrim’s demands. Bigod’s Uprising gave H chance to hunt down rebels, execute leaders & subdue north.

34
Q

Causes of the PofG

A

Religion
Politics
Economic distress
Northern regionalism

35
Q

Religion

A

people in N = trad. Catholics
- feared closure of monasteries due to all round support provided

people saw Reformation as crown interfering w/ life

resented gov. taxes etc. on baptism, marriage and funerals

arrival of Cromwell’s commissioners sparked rebellion

36
Q

Politics

A

influence of Cromwell on king angered gentry & nobles

some people still supported CofA

influential northern families (eg Peraies) feared loss of social & economic standing

Statute of Uses forced gentry to pay feudal dues on their estates

37
Q

Economic distress

A

weather in 35-6 led to crop failures and price failures

landowners began to enclose land

entry lines extended

new gov. taxes resented (eg Subsidy Tax)

king debased coinage

38
Q

Northern regionalism

A

people in North felt excluded from London and believed they = unfairly represented

standard of living worse in north

believed they were looked down on by Southerners
‘north was the last place God made’

39
Q

How serious of a threat was the PofG?

A

Evaluate in terms of factors:

Causes 
Who were the rebels 
Rebels location and size 
Rebels plan 
Actions of rebels 
Actions of crown
40
Q

Causes - threatening

A

Threat:

  • caused by a culmination of many diff. factors and rebellion able to draw support from many different groups of people
  • rebels had more motivation
  • many causes put into Articles
  • religious causes united rebels

No threat:
-none of the causes suggested that the rebels wanted to kill/harm king (not a threat to personal security)

41
Q

Who were the rebels - threatening

A

Threat:

  • leadership from gentry and nobles
  • church + clergy helped organise
  • leader = Robert Aske -. v good. provided intelligent leadership, ensured discipline & won wider support
  • northers united under Aske’s leadership
  • cross-class support

Not threat:
-most northern noble families remained on side lines

42
Q

Rebels location and size - threatening

A

Threat:

  • location - Pontefract, York, Durham etc. (N England)
  • about 40,000 men due to support Aske generated
  • multiple locations - prominent

Not threat:
-not near king in South

43
Q

Rebels plan - threatening

A

Threat:

  • put pressure on king to reverse policies introduced by Cromwell
  • use trad. methods: generate support, take key cities to negotiate w/ king
  • questioned deference

Not threat:

  • no intention of overthrowing H
  • > no military action from Aske (plan = flawed)
44
Q

Actions of rebels - threatening

A

Threat:

  • quickly raised troops to large no.
  • took York, Hull, Pontefract Castle
  • wrote down demands

Not threat:

  • did not attack king
  • rebels accepted pardon and drifted away
45
Q

Actions of crown - threatening

A

Threat:

  • had to play for time
  • H responded cruely to uprising -> threat & direct challenge to royal authority
  • killed Aske

Not threat:

  • promised pardon (trick)
  • accused Aske of treason and hanged him
  • execute new rebels
  • threat now over
  • royal authority presented and more powerful
46
Q

How Protestant was England by the death of Henry VIII?

A

Not very

  • Act of 6 Articles : still legally Catholic
  • transubstantiation
  • PofG
  • Normal people not really going to notice change
  • H = Catholic

BUT monasteries dissolved and broken from Rome

47
Q

Why was Cromwell so powerful?

A

organised break from Rome

secured royal supremacy

brought H wealth through dissolution

increased royal power by removing power of Pope

brought about changes in gov.

increased H’s power

48
Q

Differences bet. Wolsey and Cromwell

A 
Wolsey = churchman w/ papal powers 
Cromwell = break up church

BUT both fall over church/state matters

49
Q

Why did Wolsey fall from power?

A

Religious beliefs

Cleves marriage and rel. w/ Henry

Faction

50
Q

Religious beliefs

A

Cromwell = charged with heresy due to claims he wanted to bring in a full Prot. church (v. unlikely since he know the punishment but his links to reformist ideas made it stick)

Not most important factor

51
Q

Cleves marriage and rel. w/ H

A

peace bet. France + Hasbergs - Eng = isolated
-> C arranged marriage to German Prot. AofC in 39

C failed to secure any influence for H but was still given Earl of Essex -> rel. still secure w/ H

52
Q

Faction

A

Catholic faction convinced H to marry CH (Duke of Norfolk’s 2nd niece) => used H’s infatuation w/ her to spread rumours about C to H. Persuaded H to execute C

also probably convinced H of C’s religious motives

MAJOR REASON as faction tricked H

53
Q

Why did faction exists in H’s court?

A

-he had lost control due to ill health and faction took over, further weakening power

OR

he remained in control and used faction to strengthen his position using divide and rule

54
Q

Was Henry manipulated by faction in the 1540s?

A

Marriage to CH

Fall of CH

Attacks on Cranmer

Arrest of CP

Fall of Gardiner and Norfolk

55
Q

Marriage to CH

A

Norfolk used CH to persuade H to marry her, leave AofC and kill Cromwell

Manipulated:
-Norfolk used CH to get what he wanted

Not:
-chose to marry her

56
Q

Fall of CH

A

CH became bored w/ H and charged w/ adultery before being killed

Manipulated:

  • opponents of Catholic faction used adultery to convince H
  • H did not notice CH adultery so Cranmer del. told him to destroy Catholic faction

Not:

  • killed CH and 2 others
  • allowed Norfolk to withdraw from court - did not kill like faction wanted
  • chose to marry CP as final wife who supported him
57
Q

Attacks on Thomas Cranmer

A

Cranmer left vulnerable after fall of Cromwell and Catholic faction accused of heresy

Manipulated:
-H could have prevented case + prevented fear => liked to embarrass ministers -> manipulated by Catholics

Not:
-H warned C of plot, gave him ring of trust & ordered him to investigate charges himself which were then dropped. H stood by loyal servant & in control

58
Q

Arrest of CP

A

1546: Catholic faction turned to Parr who sympathised with reformist beliefs & Lutheran ideas. Law didn’t allow some of her beliefs so faction told H

Not:

  • CP told about charges and allowed to see H
  • CP promised to believe what he wished
  • H confronted Catholic faction about attempt
59
Q

Fall of Gardiner and Norfolk

A
  • G refused to grant some of his lands to king
  • N said he had good claim to throne => arrested and would have been killed if H did not die

Manipulated:

  • Reformists = winning and Catholic faction falling
  • > H shifting to Prot. which=unusual given recent actions

Not:

  • leaving Ed behind so need Prot. belief to remain
  • part of plan?
60
Q

How effectively did H rule England in 1540s?

A

Not successfully in terms of:

Factional politics
Securing the succession

61
Q

Factional politics

A

Courtiers (Denny & Paget) controlled much of H’s life in final years
-> controlled access to private rooms, written info, could influence in convo, had power to determine what factions had access to king (pro Reformists)

Manipulated H to leave Eng. more Prot. on death

H not dominating domestic affairs

62
Q

Securing the succession

A

Secured succession for Ed BUT

H wanted to leave behind balanced Regency Council with neither faction dominant but Denny & Paget changed details about council in H’s will using dry stamp Denny had control of
- consolidated Reformist power after H’s death

Went behind H’s back

63
Q

Why is Henry’s FP considered a failure in the 1540s?

A

V. costly (£2 million spent) - used up funds from dissolution. coinage debased to raise extra funds - long-term problem

NOT SECURING SUCCESSION

64
Q

Why was H’s FP so quiet in 1530s?

A

more concerned with domestic affairs

married AofC for short-term political stability

65
Q

What was the nature and key aims of H’s FP in 1540s?

A

-trad. pro-Hasburg, anti-French alliance

restore good relations with Charles (fearful of Franco-Scottish alliance)

spend time at war with France and Scotland (claim)

focused on war king, security dynasty for Eng. and peace with those he annoyed during break from Rome.

66
Q

Why did H go to war with Scotland?

A

1541: H arranged to meet James V at York but J did not turn up - offended H’s ego

longer-term grievances towards Scotland

  • J = loyal to France in 1530s
  • protected rebels who fled N after PofG

Anglo-Imperial Alliance 1542 - Scots start border raids

67
Q

How did H go to war with Scotland?

A

Scots undertook border raids so H sent large army under Duke of Norfolk
-> English won at Solway Moss in Nov. 42

Later in 44-5 Earl of Hetford led series of raids on Scottish towns
-> given too few troops and failed

68
Q

Successes and failures of H’s FP and Scotland

A

success:

  • James V died + baby Mary left as ruler
  • Treaty of Greenwich in 1543 decided to marry Ed to M

failure:

  • Scots did not hand over Mary who married Frenchman
  • lost raids and brought Scotland & France closer together, reinforcing Auld Alliance
  • Scot still launched border raids when E = vulnerable
69
Q

Why did H go to war with France?

A

prestige
chase glory in final years
capture land in France

(not direct threat from France)

70
Q

How did H go to war with France?

A

small force sent to France and captured Boulogne in 1544 (more than Charles or Francis managed to do)

H achieved this w/o help of ally

71
Q

Successes of H’s war with France

A

captured Boulogne w/o ally

  • > showed E = military force to be reckoned with
  • > boosted claim to glory
  • > restored some honour in Europe

made peace with France at Treaty of Camp in June 1546 (allowed E to retain Boulogne for 7 years)

72
Q

Failures of H’s war with France

A

cost £2 million and failed to secure dynasty

forced H to debase coin, use heavy taxation, forced loans and borrow from Antwerp money market

Hapsburgs made peace with France

French fleet landed on Isle of Wight -> risk they would take adv. of minor on throne

73
Q

How successfully did H achieve his aim of war king?

A

Succeeded:

  • captured land in Boulogne
  • beat Scots @ Solway Moss
  • restored some honour and glory

Failed:

  • French landed on Isle of Wight
  • raids over Scottish border failed
  • pushed Scotland & France closer together
  • Scots led border raids in 42
74
Q

How successfully did H achieve aim of diplomacy?

A

Succeeded:

  • peace w/ France in June 46 @ Treaty of Camp
  • Anglo-Imperial Alliance in 42

Failed:

  • James V did not attend meeting
  • Treaty of Greenwich failed
75
Q

How successfully did H secure the succession/ dynasty?

A

Failed:

  • war with France cost 2 mil and H had to use loans etc leaving Ed in debt
  • failed to secure stable FP & allies. left a minor in vulnerable position
  • no marriage bet. Ed & Mary
  • French on Isle of Wight

England 1485-1603 (7 decks)

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