Chapter 4: reign of Henry VIII after 1529 Flashcards

Question

Thomas More

Answer 1

Resigned as Lord Chancellor and refused to swear oath of Supremacy executed - must have been threat believed in powers of Pope actions not v threatening/ didn't pose as much of an issue to crown

Answer 2

refused to swear Oath of Supremacy executed - must have been seen as threat believed in power of Pope and pot. to up rise actions not v threatening -no social impact of his actions

Answer 3

resisted charges disagreed w/ break from Rome larger group of people -> more potential for larger up rising harsh action taken - threat houses closed, imprisoned and some executed -- threat removed

Answer 4

opposed the divorce prophesised H would loose throne executed only a prophecy by one person

Answer 5

Shaken: done with people rather than to them and many actively engaged in it active compliance; lots of opposition reported no change to doctrine church services continued as normal people thought H would restore Pope as head

Answer 6

Oct 1536 - Spring 1537 Causes listed in Pontefract Articles rumours of further taxation on livestock etc. issue of succession - Mary & Elizabeth illegitimate Papal Supremacy = correct (Article 2) wanted abbeys restored (Article 4) enclosure dissolution of monasteries

Answer 7

protests began in Louth when people believed their parish Church was under threat they took up arms against Cromwell's Commissioner's due to fears Cromwell would use his power to attack church property and raise money for H's FP Louth rebels joined by local gentry and followers (force between 20,000 - 40,000 by Oct 36)

Answer 8

Threat: - v large scale rebellion (too big for local forces to deal with) and support from gentry - rebellion acted as blueprint for PofG which was a major threat - rebellion grew v quickly Not threat: -king managed to persuade rebels to stand down before conflict was engaged in

Answer 9

Oct 1st 36: Lincolnshire Rising begins Oct 4th-10th 36: Aske began raising troops Oct 11th 36: 10,000 Lincolnshire rebels assemble but disperse Oct 16th 36: Aske led force of 10000 to York and created York Articles. Then marched to Pontefract and no. increased to 40,000 rebels 19th Oct 36: Second rebel force mustered at Beverly by Stapulton (lawyer) and moved to Hull. Arrived at Pontefract on 22nd Oct 11th-19th Oct 36: North Riding rose @ Richmond under Bowes. Arrived @ Pontefract w/ 4000-10000 men from North (Durham etc.) 21st Oct 36: Lord Darcy surrendered @ Pontefract Castle to pilgrims. Aske = joined by regional forces. 27th Oct 36: Royal army of 8000 reach north led by Duke of Norfolk. Truce negotiated in Doncaster where H agreed to pardon most rebels 4th Dec 36: Aske presented Pontefract Articles to Norfolk. Rebels = pardoned Jan 1537: H not implementing pilgrim's demands. Bigod's Uprising gave H chance to hunt down rebels, execute leaders & subdue north.

Answer 10

Religion Politics Economic distress Northern regionalism

Answer 11

people in N = trad. Catholics - feared closure of monasteries due to all round support provided people saw Reformation as crown interfering w/ life resented gov. taxes etc. on baptism, marriage and funerals arrival of Cromwell's commissioners sparked rebellion

Answer 12

influence of Cromwell on king angered gentry & nobles some people still supported CofA influential northern families (eg Peraies) feared loss of social & economic standing Statute of Uses forced gentry to pay feudal dues on their estates

Answer 13

weather in 35-6 led to crop failures and price failures landowners began to enclose land entry lines extended new gov. taxes resented (eg Subsidy Tax) king debased coinage

Answer 14

people in North felt excluded from London and believed they = unfairly represented standard of living worse in north believed they were looked down on by Southerners 'north was the last place God made'

Answer 15

Evaluate in terms of factors: ``` Causes Who were the rebels Rebels location and size Rebels plan Actions of rebels Actions of crown ```

Answer 16

Threat: - caused by a culmination of many diff. factors and rebellion able to draw support from many different groups of people - rebels had more motivation - many causes put into Articles - religious causes united rebels No threat: -none of the causes suggested that the rebels wanted to kill/harm king (not a threat to personal security)

Answer 17

Threat: - leadership from gentry and nobles - church + clergy helped organise - leader = Robert Aske -. v good. provided intelligent leadership, ensured discipline & won wider support - northers united under Aske's leadership - cross-class support Not threat: -most northern noble families remained on side lines

Answer 18

Threat: - location - Pontefract, York, Durham etc. (N England) - about 40,000 men due to support Aske generated - multiple locations - prominent Not threat: -not near king in South

Answer 19

Threat: - put pressure on king to reverse policies introduced by Cromwell - use trad. methods: generate support, take key cities to negotiate w/ king - questioned deference Not threat: - no intention of overthrowing H - > no military action from Aske (plan = flawed)

Answer 20

Threat: - quickly raised troops to large no. - took York, Hull, Pontefract Castle - wrote down demands Not threat: - did not attack king - rebels accepted pardon and drifted away

Answer 21

Threat: - had to play for time - H responded cruely to uprising -> threat & direct challenge to royal authority - killed Aske Not threat: - promised pardon (trick) - accused Aske of treason and hanged him - execute new rebels - threat now over - royal authority presented and more powerful

Answer 22

Not very - Act of 6 Articles : still legally Catholic - transubstantiation - PofG - Normal people not really going to notice change - H = Catholic BUT monasteries dissolved and broken from Rome

Answer 23

organised break from Rome secured royal supremacy brought H wealth through dissolution increased royal power by removing power of Pope brought about changes in gov. increased H's power

Answer 24

``` Wolsey = churchman w/ papal powers Cromwell = break up church ``` BUT both fall over church/state matters

Answer 25

Religious beliefs Cleves marriage and rel. w/ Henry Faction

Answer 26

Cromwell = charged with heresy due to claims he wanted to bring in a full Prot. church (v. unlikely since he know the punishment but his links to reformist ideas made it stick) Not most important factor

Answer 27

peace bet. France + Hasbergs - Eng = isolated -> C arranged marriage to German Prot. AofC in 39 C failed to secure any influence for H but was still given Earl of Essex -> rel. still secure w/ H

Answer 28

Catholic faction convinced H to marry CH (Duke of Norfolk's 2nd niece) => used H's infatuation w/ her to spread rumours about C to H. Persuaded H to execute C also probably convinced H of C's religious motives MAJOR REASON as faction tricked H

Answer 29

-he had lost control due to ill health and faction took over, further weakening power OR he remained in control and used faction to strengthen his position using divide and rule

Answer 30

Marriage to CH Fall of CH Attacks on Cranmer Arrest of CP Fall of Gardiner and Norfolk

Answer 31

Norfolk used CH to persuade H to marry her, leave AofC and kill Cromwell Manipulated: -Norfolk used CH to get what he wanted Not: -chose to marry her

Answer 32

CH became bored w/ H and charged w/ adultery before being killed Manipulated: - opponents of Catholic faction used adultery to convince H - H did not notice CH adultery so Cranmer del. told him to destroy Catholic faction Not: - killed CH and 2 others - allowed Norfolk to withdraw from court - did not kill like faction wanted - chose to marry CP as final wife who supported him

Answer 33

Cranmer left vulnerable after fall of Cromwell and Catholic faction accused of heresy Manipulated: -H could have prevented case + prevented fear => liked to embarrass ministers -> manipulated by Catholics Not: -H warned C of plot, gave him ring of trust & ordered him to investigate charges himself which were then dropped. H stood by loyal servant & in control

Answer 34

1546: Catholic faction turned to Parr who sympathised with reformist beliefs & Lutheran ideas. Law didn't allow some of her beliefs so faction told H Not: - CP told about charges and allowed to see H - CP promised to believe what he wished - H confronted Catholic faction about attempt

Answer 35

- G refused to grant some of his lands to king - N said he had good claim to throne => arrested and would have been killed if H did not die Manipulated: - Reformists = winning and Catholic faction falling - > H shifting to Prot. which=unusual given recent actions Not: - leaving Ed behind so need Prot. belief to remain - part of plan?

Answer 36

Not successfully in terms of: Factional politics Securing the succession

Answer 37

Courtiers (Denny & Paget) controlled much of H's life in final years -> controlled access to private rooms, written info, could influence in convo, had power to determine what factions had access to king (pro Reformists) Manipulated H to leave Eng. more Prot. on death H not dominating domestic affairs

Answer 38

Secured succession for Ed BUT H wanted to leave behind balanced Regency Council with neither faction dominant but Denny & Paget changed details about council in H's will using dry stamp Denny had control of - consolidated Reformist power after H's death Went behind H's back

Answer 39

V. costly (£2 million spent) - used up funds from dissolution. coinage debased to raise extra funds - long-term problem NOT SECURING SUCCESSION

Answer 40

more concerned with domestic affairs | married AofC for short-term political stability

Answer 41

-trad. pro-Hasburg, anti-French alliance restore good relations with Charles (fearful of Franco-Scottish alliance) spend time at war with France and Scotland (claim) focused on war king, security dynasty for Eng. and peace with those he annoyed during break from Rome.

Answer 42

1541: H arranged to meet James V at York but J did not turn up - offended H's ego longer-term grievances towards Scotland - J = loyal to France in 1530s - protected rebels who fled N after PofG Anglo-Imperial Alliance 1542 - Scots start border raids

Answer 43

Scots undertook border raids so H sent large army under Duke of Norfolk -> English won at Solway Moss in Nov. 42 Later in 44-5 Earl of Hetford led series of raids on Scottish towns -> given too few troops and failed

Answer 44

success: - James V died + baby Mary left as ruler - Treaty of Greenwich in 1543 decided to marry Ed to M failure: - Scots did not hand over Mary who married Frenchman - lost raids and brought Scotland & France closer together, reinforcing Auld Alliance - Scot still launched border raids when E = vulnerable

Answer 45

prestige chase glory in final years capture land in France (not direct threat from France)

Answer 46

small force sent to France and captured Boulogne in 1544 (more than Charles or Francis managed to do) H achieved this w/o help of ally

Answer 47

captured Boulogne w/o ally - > showed E = military force to be reckoned with - >boosted claim to glory - > restored some honour in Europe made peace with France at Treaty of Camp in June 1546 (allowed E to retain Boulogne for 7 years)

Answer 48

cost £2 million and failed to secure dynasty forced H to debase coin, use heavy taxation, forced loans and borrow from Antwerp money market Hapsburgs made peace with France French fleet landed on Isle of Wight -> risk they would take adv. of minor on throne

Answer 49

Succeeded: - captured land in Boulogne - beat Scots @ Solway Moss - restored some honour and glory Failed: - French landed on Isle of Wight - raids over Scottish border failed - pushed Scotland & France closer together - Scots led border raids in 42

Answer 50

Succeeded: - peace w/ France in June 46 @ Treaty of Camp - Anglo-Imperial Alliance in 42 Failed: - James V did not attend meeting - Treaty of Greenwich failed

Answer 51

Failed: - war with France cost 2 mil and H had to use loans etc leaving Ed in debt - failed to secure stable FP & allies. left a minor in vulnerable position - no marriage bet. Ed & Mary - French on Isle of Wight