Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Cephalocaudal Development

A

Growth proceeds from the head downward. The head and upper body regions develop before the lower regions

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2
Q

Proximodistal Development

A

Growth and development proceed from the center of the body outward. During prenatal development, the internal organs develop before the arms and legs. After birth, the trunk grows before the limbs, and the limbs before the hands and feet

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3
Q

Growth Norms

A

Expectations for typical gains and variations in height and weight for children based on their chronological age and ethnic background

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4
Q

Marasmus

A

A wasting disease in which the body’s fat and muscle are depleted. Can be seen in infants whose diets are chronically insufficient in calories, nutrients, and protein. Growth stops, the body wastes away, the skin becomes wrinkly and aged looking, the abdomen shrinks, and the body takes on a hollow appearance. Most often occurs in infants

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5
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Found in children who experience an insufficient intake of protein, which may occur when a child prematurely abandons breastfeeding, such as with the birth of a younger sibling. Characterized by lethargy, wrinkled skin, and a fluid retention appearing as bloating and swelling of the stomach, face, legs, and arms. The vital organs take all of the available nutrients, so the other parts of the body deteriorate. Occurs mostly in older infants and young children

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6
Q

Failure to Thrive

A

A condition in which their weight is below the fifth percentile for their age. Their caloric intake is insufficient to maintain growth. Lack age-appropriate responses such as smiling and eye contact, and show delayed motor development. If left untreated it can be accompanied by delays in cognitive, verbal, and behavioral skills that make it difficult for the child to achieve success in school, home, and peer environments

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7
Q

Neuron

A

A specialized cell that is responsible for the transmission of sensory and motor information throughout the body and brain

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8
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The creation of new neurons. Begins in the neural tube of the embryo

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9
Q

Glial Cells

A

Nourish neurons and move throughout the brain to provide a physical structure to the brain

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10
Q

Cortex

A

The outermost part of the brain containing the greatest number of neurons and accounting for thought and consciousness

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11
Q

Synapse

A

The intersection or gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another

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12
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The formation of synapses between neurons

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13
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

The loss of unused neural connections that improve the efficiency of neural communication by removing any excess connections. Lesser used synapses are pruned in accordance with experience to improve efficiency

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14
Q

Myelination

A

Glial cells produce and coat the axons of neurons with a fatty substance called myelin. Allows for more efficient and faster transmission of APs down the axon. Leads to faster information processing

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15
Q

Lateralization

A

The process of hemispheric specialization to carry out different functions

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16
Q

Hemispheric Dominance

A

One hemisphere becomes stronger and more adept

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17
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A collection of nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres of the brain. Allows for the hemispheres to communicate and coordinate processing

18
Q

Experience-Expectant Brain Development

A

Brain growth and development that are dependent on basic environmental experiences, such as visual or auditory stimulation, in order to develop normally

19
Q

Experience-Dependent Brain Development

A

Brain growth and development in response-specific learning experiences

20
Q

Binocular Vision

A

The ability for both eyes together to focus on a singular object

21
Q

Co-Sleeping

A

The infant sharing a bed with the mother or with noth parents

22
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus causes a decline in intensity, frequency. and duration of a response

23
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Making an association with a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that triggers an innate reaction. Eventually, the neutral stimulus (now conditioned stimulus) produces the same response and the unconditioned stimulus

24
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Using reinforcement to increase a behavior and punishment to decrease a behavior

25
Q

Sensation

A

Occurs when our sensory receptors are triggered, detecting a stimulus

26
Q

Perceptions

A

The mental processing of sensory information

27
Q

Visual Acuity

A

Sharpness of vision or the ability to see

28
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to perceive the distance of objects from one another and ourselves

29
Q

Intermodal Perception

A

The process of combining information from more than one sensory system

30
Q

Affordances

A

The natures, opportunities, and limits of objects

31
Q

Palmar Grasp Reflex

A

Response: Curling fingers around objects that touch the palm

Developmental Course: Birth to about 4 months, when it is replaced by voluntary grasp

32
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Response: Turning head and tongue toward stimulus when cheek is touched
Developmental Course: Disappears over first few weeks of life and is replaced by voluntary head movement

33
Q

Sucking Reflex

A

Response: Sucking on objects placed into the mouth

Developmental Course: Birth to about 6 months

34
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Response: Giving a startle response in reaction to loud noise or sudden change in the position of the head, resulting in throwing out arms, arching the back, and bringing the arms together as if to grasp something
Developmental Course: Birth to about 5-7 months

35
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Response: Fanning and curling the toes in response to stroking the bottom of the foot
Developmental Course: Birth to about 8-12 months

36
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

Response: Making stepping movements as if to walk when held upright with feet touching a flat surface
Developmental Course: Birth to about 2-3 months

37
Q

Swimming Reflex

A

Response: Holding breath and moving arms and legs, as if to swim, when placed in water
Developmental Course: Birth to about 4-6 months

38
Q

Gross Motor Development

A

The ability to control the large movements of the body, actions that help us move around in our environment

39
Q

Fine Motor Development

A

The ability to control small movements of the fingers such as reaching and grasping

40
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A

A framework describing motor skills as resulting from ongoing interactions among physical, cognitive, socioemotional influences and environmental supports in which previously mastered skills are combined to provide more complex and effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment