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CMB Lec > Chapter 4: Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast Flashcards

1
Q

Redox potential of S—H2S couple

A

-0.25 V

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2
Q

Redox potential of O2—H2O couple

A

+0.816V

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3
Q

The polypeptides found within modern-day chloroplasts are encoded by both the _______ and ___________ genomes.

A

nuclear, chloroplast

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4
Q

Give the dimensions of chloroplasts in higher plants

A
  • 2-4 um wide
  • 5-10 um long
  • numbering 20-40 per cell
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5
Q

Shape of chloroplasts of higher plants

A

lens-shaped

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6
Q

non-pigmented precursors of chloroplasts

A

proplastids

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7
Q

Chloroplasts arise by _______ from preexisting chloroplasts

A

fission

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8
Q

The German biologist who identified chloroplasts as the site of photosynthesis in his ingenious experiment

A

T. Engelmann (1881)

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9
Q

The green alga illuminated by the German biologist where he found that actively moving bacteria would collect outside the cell near the site of the large ribbon like chloroplast

A

Spirogyra

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10
Q

Envelope membranes of chloroplast

A
  • inner envelope membrane
  • outer envelope membrane
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10
Q

Flattened membranous sacs wherein membrane of the chloroplast is organized

A

thylakoids

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11
Q

Thylakoids are arranged into these orderly stacks

A

granum/grana

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12
Q

Space inside a thylakoid sac

A

lumen

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13
Q

Space outside the thylakoid and within the chloroplast envelope

A

stroma

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14
Q

Contains the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate synthesis

A

stroma

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15
Q

Contains the chlorophyll molecules and protein complexes

A

thylakoid membrane

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16
Q

Chloroplast DNA contains about ____________ involved in either gene expression or photosynthesis

A

60-200 genes

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17
Q

One of the galactose-containing glycolipids in thylakoid membranes

A

Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol

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18
Q

Prevailing belief on photosynthesis in 1930

A
  • energy of light was used to split CO2
  • molecular oxygen (O2) was released
  • transfer of carbon atom to a molecule of water to form a unit of carbohydrate (CH2O)
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19
Q

Graduate student from Stanford University who proposed an alternative mechanism for Photosynthetic Metabolism

A

C. B. van Niel (early 1930s)

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20
Q

In the experiment of van Niel, he demonstrated that these organisms were able to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate using the energy of light without the simultaneous production of molecular O2

A

sulfur bacteria

21
Q

van Niel’s proposed reaction for sulfur bacteria

A

CO2 + 2 H2S —light—> (CH2O) + H2O + 2 S

22
Q

van Niel’s proposed reaction for all activities

A

CO2 + 2 H2A —light—> (CH2O) + H2O + 2 A

23
Q

Reaction for production of a hexose (e.g. glucose)

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2A —light—> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 12 A

24
Q

Carbon dioxide in a plant cell is reduced to form hexose in this reaction

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O —light—> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2

25
Q

True or False?

Each molecule of oxygen is derived from the breakdown of two molecules of H2O

A

True

26
Q

Two scientists from the University of California, Berkeley who established the role of water in the formation of molecular oxygen

A
  • Samuel Ruben (1941)
  • Martin Kamen (1941)
27
Q

Two series of reactions in photosynthesis

A
  1. light-dependent reactions
  2. light-independent reactions (dark reactions)
28
Q

Stage where energy from sunlight is absorbed and stored as chemical energy in ATP and NADPH

A

light-dependent reactions

29
Q

Stage where carbohydrates are synthesized from CO2 using the energy stored in the ATP and NADPH molecules from the light-dependent reactions

A

dark reactions

30
Q

True or False?

“Dark reactions” take place much more rapidly when the light-dependent reactions are also occurring

A

True

31
Q

Light travels in these packets or quanta of energy that can be thought of as “particles” of light

A

photons

32
Q

The _______ the wavelength, the ______ the energy content

A

shorter, higher

33
Q

One mole of photons of 680 nm wavelength contains approximately _________________, equivalent to a change in redox potential of approximately _____

A
  • 42 kcal of energy
  • 1.8 V
34
Q

The first step in any photochemical process

A

absorption of light

35
Q

When an electron becomes sufficiently energetic to be pushed from an inner to an outer orbital, it is said to have shifted from the ____________ to an _____________

A
  • ground state
  • excited state
36
Q

How long the excited state of a molecule is expected to last

A

10-9 second

37
Q

Compounds that appear colored because they only absorb light of particular wavelength(s)

A

pigments

38
Q

Chloroplasts in leaves absorb these regions most strongly

A

blue and red regions

39
Q

Each chlorophyll molecule consists of these two parts

A
  • porphyrin ring — functions in light absorption
  • hydrophobic phytol chain — keeps the chlorophyll embedded in the photosynthetic membrane
40
Q

Plot of the intensity of light absorbed relative to its wavelength

A

absorption spectrum

41
Q

Orange and red accessory pigments

A

carotenoids

42
Q

Enumerate…

Functions of carotenoids

A
  • act as secondary light collectors during photosynthesis
  • draw excess energy away from excited chlorophyll molecules and dissipate it as heat
43
Q

Ultrareactive free radical produced when excess energy not absorbed by carotenoids is transferred to oxygen

A

singlet oxygen (1O2)

  • can cause cell death
  • can destroy biological molecules
44
Q

Plot of the relative rate/efficiency of photosynthesis produced by light of various wavelengths

A

action spectrum

  • identifies wavelengths effective in bringing about a given physiologic response
45
Q

Two scientists from the California Institute of Technology who determined the minimum amount of light needed to produce maximal O2 production during photosynthesis

A
  • Robert Emerson (1932)
  • William Arnold (1932)
46
Q

Green alga involved in determination of minimum amount of light needed for O2 production

A

Chlorella

47
Q

One molecule of oxygen is released during a brief flash of light for every _____________________________

A

2500 molecules of chlorophyll

48
Q

Emerson showed that a minimum of _________ must be absorbed to produce one molecule of O2

A

8 photons

49
Q
A

CMB Lec (2 decks)

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