Chapter 4- Motor Learning Flashcards
Motor Learning
the process of the acquisition and/or modification of movement
Learning and Memory
acquisition of knowledge that leads to the retention and storage of that knowledge or ability
- learning can occur in all parts of the brain
Habituation
becoming less sensitized to a stimulus; getting used to it to the point that its effects are no longer novel
Short term and Long term memory
may not be separate categories, but may be part of a single graded memory function
Associative Learning
a person learns to predict relationships, either relationships of one stimulus to another(classical conditioning), or the relationship of one’s behavior to a consequence (operant conditioning)
Classical Conditioning
an initially weak stimulus(CS) becomes highly effective in producing a response when it becomes associate with another stronger stimulus(US)
- extension of sensitization
Operant Conditioning
we learn to predict the outcome of specific behaviors
Procedural learning
includes the learning and execution of motor and non declarative cognitive skills, especially those involving sequences. Occurs only when mvmt is performed by learners themselves through trial an error practice
Declarative learning
explicit knowledge that requires conscious process such as awareness and attention, and results in knowledge that can be expressed consciously
Hippocampus
subcortical structure that is critical for declarative learning and memory formation. Also deals with cognitive map of spatial area formation. “Memory of visiting locations”
Long term potentiation
weak input will be enhanced if it is activated in association wight the strong one
Motor learning
The efficiency of the thalamic input to the motor cortex is facilitated with repeated practice
Acquisition of skills
Performance gains during early learning strongly rely on prefrontal caudate interactions, while later learning improvements in performance involve increased activity in a subcortical circuit involving the thalamus, cerebellar nuclei, and basal ganglia as the task becomes more automatic
Plasticity-modulation of neural connectivity
Occurs at many levels:
- brain level (glial and vascular support)
- network level (changes in patterns of neural activation and cortical remapping)
- intercellular level (changes between neurons at the synaptic level, including synaptic sprouting)
- intracellular level (mitochondrial and ribosomal function)
- biochemical level (protein conformation, enzyme mobilization)
- genetic level (transcription, translation, and post translation modifications)
Restorative mechanisms
direct mechanisms involve the resolute of temporary changes and recovery of the injured neural tissue itself. In addition, nearby neural tissue takes over identical neural functions to the original damaged tissue
