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Psychology 385 > Chapter 4 - Mood Disorders and Suicide > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Mood Disorders and Suicide Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotion definition?

A
  • Complex reaction patterns involving experience, behaviour, and physiological reaction
  • Physiological reactions are often very similar among various emotions, so context of the experience is very important
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2
Q

Mood definition?

A
  • Normal moods are considered a short-lived emotional state
  • Those with mental disorders may be more disposed to respond emotionally to things (more emphasis on moods)
  • Ex. depression is a type of mood
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3
Q

Affect definition?

A
  • A more general, global term for moods and emotions
  • Can have affects that are positive, negative, or flat
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4
Q

Euphoria vs. dysphoria?

A
  • Euphoria - a state of extreme happiness and well-being
  • Dysphoria - a state of extreme unhappiness and feeling low
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5
Q

What are the two types of unipolar mood disorders?

A
  • Unipolar depression (MDD)
  • Unipolar mania (this is very rare)
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6
Q

What are the two types of bipolar disorder?

A
  • BP1 - Episodes of depression and mania. DOn’t have to have a depressive episode to be diagnosed, more emphasis on manic episodes.
  • BP2 - Episodes of depression and hypomania. This form is more cyclical than BP1
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7
Q

What are some of the distinct differences between sadness and depression?

A
  • Sadness - Usually temporary, you know you’re sad
  • Depression - Persistent, can occur without precipitating events, often out of proportion with life events, impaired ability to function, wide variety of symptoms
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8
Q

What are some of the emotional symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  • Dysphoric mood
  • Despondency
  • Despair (high suicide risk)
  • 1/3 - 2/3 experience anxiety
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9
Q

What’s mood lability?

A
  • Rapid mood changes that may be found in those in a manic state
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10
Q

What are some of the cognitive symptoms of unipolar depression?

A
  • SLowed thinking, poor concentration
  • Feelings of guilt, worthlessness
  • Beck’s depressive triad - focus on negative aspects of self, environment, future
  • Suicidal ideation behaviour
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11
Q

What’s anhedonia?

A
  • The inability to experience pleasure
  • A somatic symptom of those dealing with unipolar depression
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12
Q

What is required for an individual to be diagnosed with unipolar depression?

A
  • The experience of at least one major depressive episode of at least a 2-week duration, without any manic episodes
  • Symptoms must include either depressed mood or markedly diminished interest or pleasure
  • 5 or more symptoms in total are needed for diagnosis
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13
Q

What’s Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?

A
  • Chronic low mood for at least 2 years with at least 2 associated symptoms
  • Can be accompanied by recurrent episodes of MDD
  • Has higher levels of impairment, a younger age of onset, higher rates of comorbidity, a stronger family history of psychiatric disorders, lower social support, higher stress, more dysfunctional personality traits
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14
Q

What is required to be diagnosed with bipolar 2?

A
  • One or more hypomanic episodes with one or more major depressive episodes
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15
Q

What’s cyclothymia?

A
  • Chronic mood swings over at least 2 years, numerous hypomanic and depressive episodes that do not meet criteria for MDD
  • Not severe enough to meet criteria for bipolar disorder
  • More rapid cycling of mood states
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16
Q

What does the term mixed states refer to?

A
  • When an individual with bipolar experiences both manic/hypomanic and depressive symptoms
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17
Q

What’s Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A
  • More depressed during the winter (less light)
  • Can co-occur with MDD
  • may be caused by phase-delay in the circadian rhythm
  • Artificial sunlight/nature helps
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18
Q

What’s a mood disorder with peri- or post-partum onset?

A
  • A mood disorder often caused by extreme hormone fluctuations that set in during the last few weeks of pregnancy
  • Mood changes during pregnancy are normal, but extreme cases may arise and lead to mood disorders
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19
Q

What are the common course and outcomes of unipolar depressive disorder?

A
  • Onset early in life (early to mid-twenties)
  • Average duration of a depressive episode is 6-9 months
  • A frequently poorly diagnosed, chronic and recurrent condition if left untreated
  • High comorbidity with anxiety
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20
Q

What are the common course and outcomes of bipolar disorder?

A
  • Mean onset age is 20 years, although many report before 17
  • Average hypomanic/manic episodes last 2 weeks to 4 months, while depressive episodes can last 6-9 months
  • Most patients will have more than one episode before diagnosis
  • Intervals between episodes vary
  • 40-50% of patients achieve sustained recovery with treatments
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21
Q

What are some epidemiological facts regarding mood disorders?

A
  • 5-10% of the population meet the criteria for mood disorders within the previous 12 months
  • 5 unipolar: 1 bipolar
  • Women are more likely to experience depression than men
  • Young people more susceptible than older people for mood disorders
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22
Q

What are some of the psychosocial factors that can contribute to the development of mood disorders?

A
  • Attachment and loss
  • Stressful life events
  • The stress generation hypothesis: people who have depression generate negative social events which maintain depressive symptoms
  • Aversive patterns of emotional expression within a family
  • Self-verification theory: negative feedback-seeking
  • Interpersonal dependency and excessive reassurance seeking
  • History of stressful life events
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23
Q

What are some of the psychological factors that can contribute to the development of mood disorders?

A
  • Cognitive distortions
  • Depressive schema (core beliefs about the self, the world, and the future)
  • Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
  • Reduced levels of activity, less positive reinforcement
  • Rumination
  • Personality factors
24
Q

What are some of the biological factors that contribute to the development of mood disorders?

A
  • People with first-degree relatives with MDD are 2-5 times more likely to get MDD, while for bipolar it’s 7-15 times more likely
  • Interaction of severe life stress and genetics
  • Sleep and circadian functioning
  • Neurotransmitters and the density and sensitivity of post-synaptic receptors
  • Neuroendocrine system and HPA aixs (mediates stress response)
  • Structural and functional brain abnormalities
25
Q

What is the most common treatment for unipolar depression?

A
  • Cognitive therapy
26
Q

What are other forms of treatment for unipolar depression?

A
  • Interpersonal therapy (more emphasis on relationships)
  • Antidepressant medications
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, phototherapy for SAD
  • For severe cases: ECT
27
Q

What are the different types of antidepressant medications used for unipolar depression?

A
  • Tricyclics (1960s)
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
28
Q

What are the types of treatments available for those with bipolar?

A
  • Lithium carbonate (not used very often due to the harsh side effects)
  • Anticonvulsant medication (more common, may cause drowsiness)
  • Psychotherapy helps with social and self-management skills
  • ECT may be used for severe cases
29
Q

T/F: 30% of all suicides are related to mental disorders.

A
  • FALSE, it’s 50%
  • 15-20% of people with mental disorders will eventually commit suicide
30
Q

What’s the difference between suicidal ideation and a suicidal gesture?

A
  • Ideation - thinking of suicide, suicidal ideas that are never brought into action
  • Gesture - commit an act that presents a certain danger. Signifies a cry for help
31
Q

How many attempted suicides per year happen in Canada?

A
  • 10-20 million
32
Q

T/F: Men are more likely to commit suicide than women

A
  • TRUE
33
Q

T/F: Suicide is the second-highest cause of death after car accidents among males aged 15-19

A
  • TRUE
34
Q

Which demographic is most likely to complete a successful suicide?

A
  • Men aged 40-54, and older men (>75)
35
Q

T/F: Aboriginals have a suicide risk 5 times more likely than the general population.

A
  • FALSE
  • It’s 2-4 times more likely
36
Q

What’s Joiner’s Interpersonal model concerning the etiology of suicide?

A
  • Individual has a high level of perceived burdensomeness and feelings of alienation, and hopelessness about the future leads to ideation and intent
  • Repeated ideation, self-harm (increase pain tolerance), and suicide attempts reduce fear of death
  • Completed suicides become more likely
37
Q

What’s O’Connor’s Integrated Motivational Volitional Model concerning the etiology of suicide?

A
  • Stress is accompanied by thoughts of defeat, humiliation, and entrapment
  • Feelings of being thwarted, a sense of being burdened increase
38
Q

Is it true that restrictive firearm policies help reduce the amount of completed suicides?

A
  • TRUE
39
Q

What are some of the treatments for suicide prevention?

A
  • Primary prevention (main goal)
  • Crisis lines
  • Psychotherapy
  • Treating the underlying problem
  • Hospitalization, voluntary or involuntary
40
Q

What depressive disorder is often referred to as the “common cold” of mental disorders?

A
  • Major Depressive Disorder
41
Q

T/F: Bipolar 2 is often harder to diagnose than bipolar 1

A
  • TRUE because hypomanic episodes are not as severe as manic episodes
42
Q

Are individuals with cyclothymia at risk for developing full-blown bipolar disorder?

A
  • yes
43
Q

How does the DSM-5 define rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?

A
  • The presence of 4 or more manic and/or major depressive episodes in a 12-month period
  • Rapid cycling may be induced by antidepressants
44
Q

Ultrarapid vs. ultradian cycling?

A
  • Ultrarapid - cycling every few days
  • Ultradian - cycling that occurs daily
45
Q

Where is peri- and post-partum depression most common?

A
  • In countries with higher levels of income inequality, maternal and infant mortality, or childbearing-age-women working more than 40 hours a week.
46
Q

What are two major personality models that are used to describe etiology in mood disorders?

A
  • The Five Factor Model
  • The Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System (BIS/BAS) (punishment system/reward system)
47
Q

What’s the goal of CBT as a treatment for unipolar depression?

A
  • The goal is for the therapist to use Socratic-type questions and guided discovery to help clients make their own insights into their thought processes
48
Q

What are some common interventions used in CBT?

A
  • Thought records - allows client to identify their negative thought patterns
  • Behavioural experiments - the client tries them out to test their negative beliefs
  • Activity scheduling
49
Q

What is family-focused therapy (FFT) often used for?

A
  • Used for educating the patient and their family members about bipolar disorder
50
Q

What’s the purpose of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy?

A
  • Used with bipolar patients and teaches them how to regulate their routines and provides skills on how to manage stressful life events
51
Q

How does lithium work as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

A
  • Don’t fully know
  • Believe it reduces the transmission of excitatory neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and glutamate
52
Q

What’s another term for a suicidal gesture?

A
  • A parasuicide
53
Q

What’s the strongest risk factor for dying by suicide?

A
  • Being a man
54
Q

What are the two most frequently diagnosed mental disorders in victims of suicide?

A

1) Mood disorders
2) alcohol and substance abuse

55
Q

What’s the most effective prevention strategy for suicide?

A
  • Restricting access to suicide means
56
Q

T/F: Just treating depression with standard antidepressants or CBT is enough to reduce suicide ideation and attempts.

A
  • FALSE
  • There is a form of CBT specifically meant to prevent suicide attempts

Psychology 385 (9 decks)

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