Chapter 4 Material

Question 1

Elicits

Answer 1

When a specific stimulus causes a specific reflex response, it elicits the behavior (i.e. me falling forward elicits my hand to extend in front of me to break my fall)

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Gradual reduction in response following repeated presentation of an elicited stimulus

Question 3

Evokes

Answer 3

Behavior caused by a stimulus that isn’t elicited/naturally reflexive (i.e learned behavior from conditions is evoked)

Question 4

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus that does not cause the response of interest

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

A stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

The response reliably elicited by the US

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

A formerly neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response. Referred to as “conditioned” because the ability of the stimulus to evoke the response requires new learning

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

The response evoked by the CS. Not always, but most of the time is the same as the UR.

Question 9

The CS signals a ____ reduction to the US.

Answer 9

Delay

Question 10

Delay Reduction

Answer 10

The time it takes before the CS event is about to occur is less then it was when the event was an US (soldier experiencing deadly event every month vs in two seconds)

Question 11

The CS signals when the ___ is coming

Answer 11

US

Question 12

CS signals ___ US is coming

Answer 12

Which

Question 13

Four Principles that Increase Efficacy of Pavlovian Conditioning

Answer 13

1. Use an important US
2. Use a salient CS
3. Use a CS that signals a large delay reduction to the US
   4.Make sure the CS is not redundant

Question 14

What is an example of an important US?

Answer 14

Food, beverages, life threatening events, life necessities

Question 15

Why is it important to use a salient CS?

Answer 15

Pavlovian conditioning won’t work if the neutral stimulus is unnoticeable. The CS should be noticeable, new, and unexpected to ensure that the individual takes into account the neutral stimulus every time before the US

Question 16

What are the steps to measuring the delay reduction ratio?

Answer 16

1. Determine the average time between US events (average time between food deliveries is 60 seconds)
   2.Measure the CS-US interval (a light is flicked and food delivery occurs 1 second after)
2. Enter these two values into a delay-reduction ration (60 seconds / 1 second)

Question 17

Delay Reduction Ratio

Answer 17

Average US interval / CS - US interval. The larger the outcome, the more effective the delay reduction.

Question 18

Blocking Effect

Answer 18

When a second CS occurs at the same time as the initial CS with intentions to produce the same CR. In reality the CS does not produce any effect

Question 19

Generalization

Answer 19

Conditioned response to a novel stimulus that resembles the CS (Little Albert became afraid of things that resembled white rats such as rabbits, white dogs, fur coats)

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

Only the CS evokes the CR effectively. All other stimulus that closely resemble the CS are largely ineffective

Question 21

Overgeneralization

Answer 21

The CS evokes the CR effectively but so does any other stimulus that closely resembles the CS

Question 22

Pavlovian Extinction

Answer 22

The procedure of repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. The effect of which is a reduction or elimination of the CS’s ability to evoke the CR

Question 23

Graduated Exposure Therapy

Answer 23

Patients are gradually exposed to successively stronger approximations of the CS. Before each new CS-approximation is presented, steps are taken to reduce/eliminate any fear evoked by the prior CS-approximation

Question 24

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 24

Increase in conditioned responding following Pavlovian Extinction

Question 25

Important Factors About Spontaneous Recovery…

Answer 25

1. The more time that passes between extinction sessions, the more spontaneous recovery will occur
2. Spontaneous recovery decrease as more pavlovian extinction sessions are conducted
3. Less spontaneous recovery will occur if each pavlovian extinction session is continued until the CS no longer evokes the CR