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Vertebrae Zoology > Chapter 4: Living in Water > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Living in Water Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A

Process of gas exchange: O2 in and CO2 out

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Gas exchange between organism and environment; organismic respiration – O2 taken up and delivered to individual cells

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3
Q

Ventilation

A

Active movement in and out

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4
Q

Gills

A

Thin moist folds of tissue; gas exchange with water; large surface area

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5
Q

Gills in invertebrates

A

A. Outgrowths of body surface

B. Mollusk gills: ciliated for ventilation

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6
Q

Gills in craniates

A

A. Internal gills
B. Gill filaments with secondary laminae
C. Pharyngeal

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7
Q

Gills in bony fish

A

A. Located inside the pharyngeal cavity
B. Covered by the operculum
C. Gill filaments with secondary laminae
D. Counter current
E. Buccal pumpings of mouth and opercular cavity moves water across gills
F. Ram ventilation in perpetually swimming and filter feeding fishes

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8
Q

Operculum

A

Flap of tissue which covers and protects the gills

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9
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Maintenance of water and salt balance by excretory system; retention and excretion

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10
Q

Excretion

A

Disposal of nitrogenous wastes

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11
Q

Kidney

A

Main organ for disposal of nitrogenous wastes, water, salts; nonselective filtration and selective resorption by nephron of small molecules and water

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12
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unite of the kidney - produces urine

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13
Q

Glomerulus

A

Site of blood filtration

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14
Q

Convoluted tubules

A

Resorption, secretion, and excretion

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15
Q

Stenohaline

A

Narrow salinity tolerance

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16
Q

Euryhaline

A

Ability to adapt to varying salinities

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17
Q

Anadromous

A

Salmon

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18
Q

Catadromous

A

Eels

19
Q

Poikilothermic

A

Variable body temperature — “cold blooded”

20
Q

Homeothermic

A

Constant body temperature – “warm blooded”

21
Q

Ectothermic

A

Environment controls T(body) – cold blooded animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources such as sunlight or heated rocks

22
Q

Endothermic

A

Metabolic regulation controls T(body): cellular metabolism, muscle contraction; adaption to nocturnal environment, cold environment constant high activity level; requires high caloric intake

Dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat

23
Q

Stenothermal

A

Narrow temperature tolerance

24
Q

Eurythermal

A

Broad temperature tolerance

25
Q

Temperature compensation

A

Adjust metabolic rates to maintain level of activity independent of temperature

26
Q

Regional heterothermy

A

Body temperature regulated on different parts of the body

27
Q

Structures for breathing air in low oxygen conditions

A

A. Vascularized mouths, swim bladders, stomachs, head chambers — anabantids
B. Lungs

28
Q

Sharks to stay afloat

A
  1. Heterocercal tail = tail lift

2. Pectoral fins = angled planes to provide head lift

29
Q

Gulped air

A

Air is forced into the swim bladder through a pneumatic duct which connects the swim bladder to the esophagus

30
Q

Gas gland

A

Secretes gas into the swim bladder

31
Q

Mesopelagic fish

A

Rapid expansion of air bladder causes death if rapid ascent; warmer temperatures lethal in slow ascent

32
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of H2O across semipermeable membranes

33
Q

Isosmolal

A
  1. Fluids are in equilibrium with sea water
  2. Many invertebrates
  3. Hagfish and ostracoderms
34
Q

Hyposmolal

A
  1. Body fluids are less concentrated than sea water
  2. Lampreys, marine teleosts
  3. Water loss problem
35
Q

Hyperosmolal

A
  1. Body fluids are more concentrated than sea water
  2. Water gain problem
  3. Freshwater fish
36
Q

Teleosts

A

Marine bony fishes

37
Q

Marine fishes:

A
  • Hypoosmotic

- Chloride cells

38
Q

Cartilaginous fish

A

Chondrichthyes

39
Q

Behavioral modification

A

Seek favorable environments to regulate body temperature

40
Q

Q10

A

Metabolic rates double to triple with each 10 degree C rise in temperature

41
Q

Ammonia

A
  1. In aquatic organisms
  2. Little energy to produce
  3. Toxic but highly soluble
42
Q

Urea

A
  1. Terrestrial amphibians and mammals
  2. Less toxic
  3. Energy expensive to produce
  4. Excreted in moderately concentrated forms
43
Q

Uric Acid

A
  1. Insects, reptiles, birds, dalmatians
  2. Not very toxic
  3. Low solubility
  4. Can be concentrated
  5. Energy intensive to produce
44
Q

Secondary laminae

A

Filaments are covered with a thin epidermal membrane that is folded repeatedly into plate-like gill lamellae and is richly supplied with blood vessels for gas exchange

Vertebrae Zoology (3 decks)

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