Chapter 4 - Language/Thinking and Memory/Cognition

Question 0

Divided attention

Answer 0

Multitasking. Not good for memory.

David broadbent.

Question 1

Focused attention

Answer 1

Single tasker.

David Broadbent.

Question 2

Information flow chart.

4 parts.

Answer 2

Information comes in
Information encoded
Information stores
Information retrieved

Question 3

Shallow Processing

Answer 3

Superficial sensory information, relevance is assigned, but it will be forgotten.

Question 4

Deep processing

Answer 4

Sematic memory is accosiated with deep processing.
Occurs to attach meaning to new information and create associations between new memory and old memory (elaboration).
Self referent encoding has to do with relating some piece of information to yourself to make it personally meaningful.

Question 5

Atkinson-Shffrin model is a 3 stage model of memory, what are the stages?

Answer 5

Senory memory > encoded (transfer) > short term memory rehersal > Long term memory.

Question 6

What is sensory memory?

Answer 6

Sensory memory stores external events for senses long enough to be percieved.
Iconic = less than a second
Echoic = lasts about 4 seconds

Question 7

How is information processed?

Answer 7

Effortful processing > selective attention > parallel processing

Question 8

What dies miller believe about Short Term memory?

Answer 8

STM can hold information for about 30 seconds. It has a limited capacity. Humans can usually remember 7 +- 2 details. Working memory is a 3-part system.

Question 9

We can increase the length of time we can hold memory in STM by…

Answer 9

Rehersing.

Rehersal increases Retention.

Question 10

We can increase STM by…

Answer 10

Chunking out information.

Question 11

What is Baddely’s STM model?

Answer 11

Iconic memory = visiospatial
Echoic memory = phonological
He does not talk about sensory information. Information from the visiospatial, phonological loop working memory, and long term memory are continuously integrates into the central executive.

Question 12

What are the two forms of Explicit memory?

Answer 12

Semantic - facts and general knowledge that can be stated outwardly or is obvious.

Episodic - personally experienced events, episodes from your life.

Question 13

What is Implicit memory?

Answer 13

Procedural memory that includes automatic associations between the stimuli. Tasks that we do automatically.

Conditioning effect - conditions to feel a certain way. Happy next to friend, tense next to enemy.

Question 14

What are heuristics?

Answer 14

A shortcut to solve problems.

Question 15

What is Insight?

Answer 15

The process of thinking that leads you to the right answer, a sudden realization to the solution of the problem.

Question 16

What is Inductive reasoning?

Answer 16

Specific understanding applied to general questions.

“Gustavo is a good athelete. I know he is a good athelete, therefore I know his sister is a good athelete.”

Question 17

What is Deductive reasoning?

Answer 17

General understanding applied to something specific. Multiple choice questions.

All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have 4 sides. Therefore all squares have 4 sides.

Question 18

What are the fixations?

Answer 18

Obstacles that keep us from achieving a goal.

Functional fixedness.
Mental set - tendency to approach the problem in the same way that was successful before.

Question 19

Who studied Intuition and meta cognition?

Answer 19

Tversky and Kahneman conducted studies on how intuition leads people to make illogical choices. The process of decision making is Meta Cognition.

Question 20

What is framing?

Answer 20

A form of intuition. The way something is presented or marketed. 90% fat free as opposed to 10% fat.

Question 21

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 21

Involves searching only for information that supports what we believe.

Question 22

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 22

After the event claim that the outcome was predicted. I totally knew.

Question 23

What is Belief bias?

Answer 23

Belief perserverence bias. Our belief distorts logical reasoning.

Question 24

What is Overconfidence bias?

Answer 24

Overestimation of the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement.

Question 25

What are convergent thinkers?

Answer 25

Thinkers that try to think of a single solution.

Question 26

What are divergent thinkers?

Answer 26

Consider multiple possible solutions to the problem.

Question 27

Noam Chromsky

Answer 27

Naturist.
Overgeneralization
Critical period hypothesis
Language is innate/genetic.

Question 28

Skinner

Answer 28

Nurture
Language from repetition or imitation.
Rewards.
Proof - children babbling

Question 29

Language relativity

Answer 29

People think differently because of the languagethey speak.

WHORF.

Question 30

What is stored in the Thalamus?

Answer 30

sensory information.

Question 31

What is stored in the hippocampus?

Answer 31

Long term memory

Question 32

Does long term memory have unlimited capacity?

Answer 32

Yes.

Question 33

What are two ways that Long term memory can be grouped into?

Answer 33

Explicit or Declaritve memory and Implicit or Non/declaritive memory.

Question 34

What are Hierarchies? What are the two forms of it?

Answer 34

A way we organize LTM. Seperated into Concepts and Prototypes.

Question 35

Concept

Answer 35

Related things that may represent physical objects.

Mammal, personality traits.

Question 36

Prototype.

Answer 36

Example for a concept.

A robin is a bird. Hard working, quiet, whale, human, bear, dog.

Question 37

Semantic networks

Answer 37

To connect meaning from memories. Multiple links from one concept to another.

Question 38

Schema

Answer 38

Memory interpreted based on the way you interpret the enviroment and changes depending on how you interpret it.

Teacher, student, daughter, etc.

Question 39

Connectionism

Answer 39

Biological connections in the brain. Electrical impulses of the brain between neurons to process a memory.

Question 40

What is a result of the destruction of the Hippocampus?

Answer 40

Anterograde Amnesia (unable to store new) and Retrograde Amnesia (forget past).

Question 41

Why do flashbulb memories occur?

Answer 41

A rush of andreneline goes into your hippocampus (unconcious LTM) and triggers it.