Chapter 4 - Language/Thinking and Memory/Cognition Flashcards
Divided attention
Multitasking. Not good for memory.
David broadbent.
Focused attention
Single tasker.
David Broadbent.
Information flow chart.
4 parts.
Information comes in
Information encoded
Information stores
Information retrieved
Shallow Processing
Superficial sensory information, relevance is assigned, but it will be forgotten.
Deep processing
Sematic memory is accosiated with deep processing.
Occurs to attach meaning to new information and create associations between new memory and old memory (elaboration).
Self referent encoding has to do with relating some piece of information to yourself to make it personally meaningful.
Atkinson-Shffrin model is a 3 stage model of memory, what are the stages?
Senory memory > encoded (transfer) > short term memory rehersal > Long term memory.
What is sensory memory?
Sensory memory stores external events for senses long enough to be percieved.
Iconic = less than a second
Echoic = lasts about 4 seconds
How is information processed?
Effortful processing > selective attention > parallel processing
What dies miller believe about Short Term memory?
STM can hold information for about 30 seconds. It has a limited capacity. Humans can usually remember 7 +- 2 details. Working memory is a 3-part system.
We can increase the length of time we can hold memory in STM by…
Rehersing.
Rehersal increases Retention.
We can increase STM by…
Chunking out information.
What is Baddely’s STM model?
Iconic memory = visiospatial
Echoic memory = phonological
He does not talk about sensory information. Information from the visiospatial, phonological loop working memory, and long term memory are continuously integrates into the central executive.
What are the two forms of Explicit memory?
Semantic - facts and general knowledge that can be stated outwardly or is obvious.
Episodic - personally experienced events, episodes from your life.
What is Implicit memory?
Procedural memory that includes automatic associations between the stimuli. Tasks that we do automatically.
Conditioning effect - conditions to feel a certain way. Happy next to friend, tense next to enemy.
What are heuristics?
A shortcut to solve problems.
What is Insight?
The process of thinking that leads you to the right answer, a sudden realization to the solution of the problem.
What is Inductive reasoning?
Specific understanding applied to general questions.
“Gustavo is a good athelete. I know he is a good athelete, therefore I know his sister is a good athelete.”
What is Deductive reasoning?
General understanding applied to something specific. Multiple choice questions.
All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have 4 sides. Therefore all squares have 4 sides.
What are the fixations?
Obstacles that keep us from achieving a goal.
Functional fixedness.
Mental set - tendency to approach the problem in the same way that was successful before.
Who studied Intuition and meta cognition?
Tversky and Kahneman conducted studies on how intuition leads people to make illogical choices. The process of decision making is Meta Cognition.
What is framing?
A form of intuition. The way something is presented or marketed. 90% fat free as opposed to 10% fat.
What is confirmation bias?
Involves searching only for information that supports what we believe.
What is hindsight bias?
After the event claim that the outcome was predicted. I totally knew.
What is Belief bias?
Belief perserverence bias. Our belief distorts logical reasoning.
What is Overconfidence bias?
Overestimation of the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement.
What are convergent thinkers?
Thinkers that try to think of a single solution.
What are divergent thinkers?
Consider multiple possible solutions to the problem.
Noam Chromsky
Naturist.
Overgeneralization
Critical period hypothesis
Language is innate/genetic.
Skinner
Nurture
Language from repetition or imitation.
Rewards.
Proof - children babbling
Language relativity
People think differently because of the languagethey speak.
WHORF.
What is stored in the Thalamus?
sensory information.
What is stored in the hippocampus?
Long term memory
Does long term memory have unlimited capacity?
Yes.
What are two ways that Long term memory can be grouped into?
Explicit or Declaritve memory and Implicit or Non/declaritive memory.
What are Hierarchies? What are the two forms of it?
A way we organize LTM. Seperated into Concepts and Prototypes.
Concept
Related things that may represent physical objects.
Mammal, personality traits.
Prototype.
Example for a concept.
A robin is a bird. Hard working, quiet, whale, human, bear, dog.
Semantic networks
To connect meaning from memories. Multiple links from one concept to another.
Schema
Memory interpreted based on the way you interpret the enviroment and changes depending on how you interpret it.
Teacher, student, daughter, etc.
Connectionism
Biological connections in the brain. Electrical impulses of the brain between neurons to process a memory.
What is a result of the destruction of the Hippocampus?
Anterograde Amnesia (unable to store new) and Retrograde Amnesia (forget past).
Why do flashbulb memories occur?
A rush of andreneline goes into your hippocampus (unconcious LTM) and triggers it.
