Chapter 4 Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Loss of smell
Anosmia
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
A rash involving the skin
Exanthem
A rash involving mucosal surfaces, such as the oral mucosa.
Enanthem
A tumorlike mass of inflammatory tissue consisting of a central collection of macrophages, often including multinucleated giant cells, surrounded by lymphocytes.
Granuloma
An infection caused by herpes simplex virus infection that involves the distal phalanx of a finger.
Herpetic whitlow
The period between the infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the disease it causes.
Incubation period
A vague, indefinite feeling of discomfort, debilitation, or lack of health.
Malaise
A collection of aspergillosis organisms; a fungal ball.
Mycetoma
Microorganisms that do not cause disease.
Nonpathogenic microorganisms
A flap of soft tissue that covers the crown of a partially erupted tooth, most often a mandibular third molar. It may trap plaque and food debris and act as a source of local infection.
Operculum
A disease caused by a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but becomes pathogenic under certain circumstances.
Opportunistic infection
An abnormal sensation such as burning, prickling, or tingling.
Paresthesia
A microorganism that causes disease.
Pathogenic microorganism
Itching.
Pruritis
An infectious disease not detectable by the usual clinical signs.
Subclinical infection
Inflammation of the tonsils.
Tonsillitis
Inflammatory condition of the pharyngeal mucosa.
Pharyngitis
Usually occurs in children (age 3-15 years old) and is characterized by a 103-degree fever for 1 week, and a generalized red skin rash caused by a toxin release of the bacteria. Described as a “sunburn with goose pimples”.
Scarlet fever
Transverse red streaks seen in areas of skin folds or creases caused by capillary fragility, they are another manifestation of scarlet fever.
Pastia lines
The fungiform papillae are red and prominent, with the dorsal surface exhibiting a white coating that then desquamates, resulting in erythema. Associated with scarlet fever.
Strawberry tongue
A childhood disease that follows a group A B-hemolytic streptococcal infection, usually tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Characterized by inflammation of the heart, joints, and CNS.
Rheumatic fever
An infectious chronic granulomatous disease usually caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primarily an infection of the lungs, involves fatigue, weight loss, malaise, fever, and a persistent cough.
Tuberculosis
A condition where white blood cells are unable to protect the body from potentially harmful bacteria and fungi. This leaves those infected susceptible to serious infections.
Granulomatous disease
Mycobacterium carried to large areas of the body via the vascular system and can involve organs like the kidneys or liver.
Miliary tuberculosis
Involvement of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes causes enlargement (usually as result of ingesting mycobacterial organism in unpasteurized milk).
Scrofula/tuberculosis lymphadenitis
A skin test that can determine if an individual has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PPD is injected subcutaneous, the immune system has encountered the antigen before, a positive inflammatory reaction occurs.
Purified protein derivative (PPD)
An infection caused by a filamentous bacterium called Actinomyces israelii. The characteristic of this disease is the formation of abscesses that tend to drain by the formation of sinus tracts. The colonies or organisms appear as bright-yellow grains or sulfur granules.
Actinomycosis
An infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum. Usually transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner with active lesions. It can also be transmitted by blood or transplacental inoculation. The disease occurs in 3 stages.
Syphilis
The lesion present at the primary stage of syphilis, highly infectious and forms where the spirochete enters the body. The lips are the most common site for this (upper lip in males, lower lip in females).
Chancre
Oral lesions that appear as multiple painless, grayish-white plaques covering ulcerated mucosa, usually involved in secondary syphilis.
Mucous patches
A localized tertiary lesion that is noninfectious. Most common sites are the tongue and palate, occurs years after the initial infection of syphilis if not treated. It is a firm mass that then becomes an ulcer, it is destructive and can cause perforation of the palatal bone.
Gumma
Loss of the papilla and a flat/red appearance of the tongue, typically occurs when the tongue is involved in by gumma.
Luetic glossitis
Syphilis that is transmitted from an infected mother to the fetus from the organism crossing the placenta and entering fetal circulation.
Congenital syphilis
A special microscopic technique to identify spirochetes. It is useful in diagnosing syphilitic lesions.
Dark-field examination
A painful erythematous gingivitis with necrosis of the interdental papillae. Typically caused by a combination of a fusiform bacillus and a spirochete (B. vincentii). The gingiva will have necrosis resulting in cratering of the IP papilla, sloughing of tissue, fetid odor, and fever and lymphadenopathy may be present as well.
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)
An inflammation of the mucosa around the crown of a partially erupted, impacted tooth, the most common location is around the third molars.
Pericoronitis
Involves acute inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. Most common cause in the jaws is due to extension of a periapical abscess, can also occur due to fracture of the bone or surgery, potentially bacteremia as well. Accompanied by pain and lymphadenopathy.
Acute osteomyelitis
Long-standing inflammation of the bone, can occur from inadequately treated acute osteomyelitis, long term inflammation of the bone with no recognizable acute phase, sickle cell disease, irradiation of the bone, or Paget disease. The bone will be painful and swollen.
Chronic osteomyelitis
When radiopacity occurs on an x-ray as bone forms within the chronically inflamed tissue associated with chronic osteomyelitis.
Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis
Results from an overgrowth of the yeastlike fungal organism Candida albicans. It is the most common oral fungal infection.
Candidiasis
A white curdlike material that can be wiped off if present on the mucosal surface. The underlying mucosa may bleed and is erythematous. A metallic taste may occur accompanied by burning.
Pseudomembranous candidiasis
Irregular, patchy depapillation of the tongue, and erythematous, painful mucosa are often the characteristics of this type of infection.
Erythematous candidiasis
A type of candidiasis that presents as erythematous mucosa but is limited to where the mucosa is covered by a full or partial denture. Most common on the palate and alveolar ridge, asymptomatic.
Denture stomatitis/ Chronic atrophic candidiasis
Appears as a white lesion that does not wipe off the mucosa, will disappear with antifungal medication.
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
An inflammatory condition characterized by erythema and fissuring of the labial commissures. Commonly caused by Candida organisms.
Angular cheilitis
A severe form of candidiasis that occurs in immunocompromised patients. The patient will have skin lesions and oral and genital mucosal candidiasis. Oral involvement will appear erythematous, pseudomembranous, or hyperplastic candidiasis.
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
An erythematous, rhomboidal, flat-to-raised area on the midline of the posterior dorsal tongue anterior to the circumvallate papilla, extending to the middle third of the tongue.
Median rhomboid glossitis
A rare fungal infection. The organisms are a common inhabitant by soil and are usually nonpathogenic. Infection though can occur in diabetic and severely debilitated patients. Involves the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and hard palate, and can present as a proliferating or destructive mass on the maxilla.
Mucormycosis/phycomycosis
Caused by the organism Aspergillus, a common mold. Those with immunocompromising conditions may develop an infection of the sinuses or lungs. Some patients may develop a mycetoma and can undergo calcifications, making them radiopaque on a panoramic radiograph.
Aspergillosis
Is a papillary lesion caused by different strains of HPV. HPV type 2 is commonly found in verruca vulgaris. The virus is inoculated by direct contact, and may be transmitted via skin to oral mucosa. It is usually a white, papillary, exophytic lesion.
Verruca vulgaris
A benign tumor of squamous epithelium that exhibits a prominent granular cell layer, numerous cells with clear cytoplasm, called kilocytes, are present in the upper spinous layer of the epithelium.
Papilloma
A benign papillary lesion caused by other types of HPV. The virus is generally transmitted by sexual contact and is most commonly found in the anogenital region. They appear as papillary, bulbous masses and can appear anywhere on the oral mucosa.
Condyloma acuminatum
Characterized by the presence of multiple whitish to pale pink nodules distributed in the oral mucosa. Most common in children, and caused by low risk HPV 13 and 32.
Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia
Oral disease caused by initial infection with the herpes simplex virus. Causes painful, erythematous, swollen gingivae and multiple tiny vesicles on the perioral skin, vermillion border of the lips, and oral mucosa. The vesicles progress to ulcers. Systemic conditions may occur before the lesion like fever or malaise.
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Recurrent oral herpes after primary infection. Can be triggered by stress, sunlight, menstruation, fatigue, etc. “cold sore”.
Recurrent herpes simplex infection/herpes labialis
The virally altered epithelial cells that are seen on a smear from patients with herpes simplex infection.
Tzanck cells
Human herpesvirus 3, causes chicken pox and shingles. Respiratory aerosols and contact with secretions from skin lesions transmit the virus.
Varicella-zoster virus
A highly contagious disease that causes vesicular and pustular eruptions of the skin and mucous membranes, along with systemic conditions like fever, headache, malaise, etc., oral lesions can occur as well.
Chicken pox
Manifests in adults who have been infected with chicken pox in the last. Characterized by unilateral, painful eruption of vesicles along the distribution of a sensory nerve innervating one or more dermatomes.
Herpes zoster/shingles
Human herpesvirus 4, has been implicated in several diseases that occur in the oral region, including mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, hairy leukoplakia, and EBV-associated mucocutaneous ulcerations.
Epstein-Barr virus
“Kissing disease”, caused by EBV. Characterized by sore throat, fever, malaise, general lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and fatigue. Palatal petechiae can occur in the oral mucosa, a skin rash may briefly appear as well.
Infectious mononucleosis
Causes several infectious diseases, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, etc.
Coxsackieviruses
Characteristically includes vesicles on the soft palate along with fever, malaise, sore throat, and dysphagia. Erythematous pharyngitis is present as well.
Herpangina
Usually occurs in epidemics in children under 5 years old. Oral lesions are generally painful vesicles and ulcers that can occur anywhere in the mouth. Multiple macules or papules occur on the skin, typically the feet, toes, hands, and fingers.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Another coxsackievirus infection that is characterized by fever, sore throat, and mild headache. Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue of the soft palate or tonsillar pillars appears as yellowish or dark pink nodules.
Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis
A group of enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family. Most cause cold or flulike symptoms.
Coronaviruses
An acute infectious disease caused by a coronavirus, with initial symptoms including fever and cough and in some cases progressing to pneumonia and respiratory failure.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The virus can spread from camels to people through direct physical contact. Limited human-to-human transmission is possible.
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
A respiratory virus first reported in Wuhan, China, caused a global pandemic in 2020.
Covid-19
A highly contagious disease causing systemic symptoms and a skin rash that results from a type of virus called the paramyxovirus.
Measles
Any of a group of RNA viruses similar to the myxoviruses but larger and hemolytic, including those causing mumps, measles, distemper, rinderpest, and various respiratory infections.
paramyxovirus
Small erythematous macules with white necrotic centers, can occur in the oral cavity.
Koplik spots
A highly contagious infection of the salivary glands caused by the paramyxovirus. Can include fever, fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, swelling of the parotid glands, and other epithelial tissues. Most often occurs in children.
Mumps/epidemic parotitis
An antibody test that’s completed on a blood sample to confirm a disease, typically HIV.
Western blot test
Routine HIV test of the blood typically uses this type of test, when this test is positive twice, it is followed by the Western blot test.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Characterized by three items; spontaneous bleeding, punctate lesions, a bandlike erythema on the attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa that does not respond to therapy. Present in those with HIV.
Linear gingival erythema
A condition resembling NUG that occurs in individuals with HIV.
Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Characterized by extensive focal areas of bone loss along with the features of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis.
Necrotizing stomatitis
