Chapter 4: Income Statement and Related Information Flashcards
Corrections of errors on financial statements
Treated as prior periods adjustments:
1) make proper entries
2) report corrections in financial statements
Recorded in year discovered - show as adjustment to beginning retained earnings
- restate any prior statements to include adjustments
Shown net of tax
Multi-step income statement
Operating Section - sales or revenue (net of returns/ discounts/ allowances) - Cost of goods sold - selling expenses - administrative/ general expenses Non-Operating section - other revenue / gains - other expenses/ losses Income Tax Discontinued Operations Noncontrolling interest Earnings per share
Change in accounting principle
Must demonstrate that new principle is preferable
results in loss of consistence - requiring retrospective adjustment
shown net of tax
Changes in accounting estimates
NOT shown net of tax
New info can change even good faith estimates
- accounts for change in period affected or period affected + future periods affected, but never past
Not errors
Retrospective adjustment
When accounting principle change
recasts prior years statements on a basis consistent with newly adopted principle
- records cumulative affect of change for prior periods as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings for earliest year presented
Revenues
inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity of settlements of its liabilities during a period from delivering or producing goods rendering services or other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations
EBITDA
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
Non-GAAP financial measure
Non-GAAP Reporting
Financial measures on financial statements not in accordance with GAAP but that companies claim are more indicative of true results/ operations
Often show higher income numbers than GAAP
creates difficulty in cross-company comparison.
SEC requires these to be reconciled to GAAP
Quality of earnings
Usefulness of reporting for predicting future earnings and cash flow
Earnings Management
Planned timing of revenues, expenses, gains and losses to smooth out bumps in earnings
choices made in accounting methods to provide more favorable statements of earnings (could be increases or decreases)
“cookie jar reserves”
Modified all-inclusive concept
Income reporting method
- companies record most revenue/ expense items INCLUDING unusual / infrequent items as part of net income
Certain items are required to be highlighted:
- unusual and infrequent gains and losses
- discontinued operations
- noncontrolling interest
- earnings per share
Current operating performance approach
An income reporting method
most useful income measures reflect only regular and recurring revenue and expense elements
(unusual / infrequent events not considered informationally useful)
Natural Expense Classification
COGS
Selling Expenses
Admin/General expenses
manufacturing and wholesale merchandisers
Functional Expense classification
example: Administrative Occupancy Publicity Buying Selling
(retail store use)
Discontinued Operations
two requirements:
1) company eliminates the results of operations of a component of business
2) elimination of the component represents a strategic shift (has a major affect on company’s financial result)
Usually disposal of:
- major business line
- major geographical area
- major equity investment
Component of a business
Operation and cash flow that can be clearly distinguished operationally and for financial purposes
Intraperiod tax allocation
Allocation of tax within the income statement of a period
relates income tax expense (provision) to specific items that gave rise to it
Helps understand impact of income tax and future cash flows
discourages pretax measures of performance
Noncontrolling interest
The portion of equity interest in a subsidiary not attributable to the parent company
Restrictions of retained earnings
- contract requirements, board policy etc…
- disclosed in notes to financial statements
or transferred to “appropriated retained earnings” account - still reported on statement of retained earnings
Comprehensive income
Due to fair value measurement some items are excluded from net income and reported only as “accumulated other comprehensive income”
- unrealized gains and losses and AFS debt investments
includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by or distributions to owners
Income statement usefulness
Measures the success of operations in a given period of time
Provides information to investors / creditors
- predicting future cash flow
- evaluating past performance
- predicting future performance (trends)
- assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows
- operating vs non-recurring information
Income Statement Limitations
- companies omit items they cannot measure reliably
- unrealized gains or losses on certain investment
- brand value - income numbers are affected by the accounting methods employed
- depreciation type, inventory type
- estimating asset useful life, future warranty/ bad debt costs - income measurement involves judgement
Transaction approach to income statement
focuses on income-related activities that have occurred in the period
(vs capital maintenance approach: income determined based on changes in equity after adjusting for capital contributions and distributions)
Elements of the income statement
Revenues: sales, fees, interest, dividends, rents
Expenses: COGS, depreciation, interest, rent, salaries, taxes
Gains/Losses: sale of investments, settlement of liabilities, write off due to impairment
Revenue/Expenses: affects assets/ liabilities (operations)
Gain/ Loss: affects equity (non-operational)
Unusual/ infrequent gains and losses
Required to be in the income statement or in notes to financial statements
Truly unusual or infrequent accounting for normal operating enviroment
still income before taxes NOT reported net of tax
Single Step income statement
Total revenues (listed out and totaled)
less total expenses (listed out and totaled)
= net income
(income tax may be separated out)
Condense Income statement
company includes only totals for expense groups on the income statement and then includes supplementary schedules with supportive numbers
Income from discontinued operations on income statement
Discontinued Operations
Gain or loss from operations
Gain or loss from disposal
Total
Usually shown net of tax
“income from continuing ops” only used when discontinued operations also shown
EPS and Discontinued operations
Company must include per share effect of income from continuing operations + net income
- must report share amounts for discontinued operations on IS or in the notes
Per share:
- income from Operations EPS
- income from discontinued operations EPS
- Net income total EPS
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
Loss or gain from Discontinued operations
Less applicable income tax (or reduction)
Separates the taxes from continuing operations and discontinued operations
may also be given in notes
Noncontrolling interest on a consolidated income statement
Consolidated net income (parent + subsidiary)
Less; net income attributable to non-controlling interest
= Net income attributable to stockholders and parent company
must also be accounted for in EPS
Corrections on retained earning statemen
Reconcile with beginning balance
Retained earnings at date (as reported) Correction (net of tax) Retained earnings at date (as adjusted) \+ net income / - net loss less cash/ stock dividends = Retained Earnings end of period
Comprehensive income on financial statements
One statement approach: buries net income
(statement of comprehensive income)
- traditional net income is shown as subtotal
- total comprehensive income is final total
Two statement approach:
- create income statement totaled with net income
- separate comprehensive income statement
Net income +/- other gains/ losses
Statement of Shareholder’s Equity
Shows changes in stockholder’s equity
- used instead of a detained stockholder’s equity section on Balance Sheet and Retained Earnings statement
Shows changes in each stockholders’ equity account throughout the year:
- common stock
- capital in excess of par
- Retained earnings
- Treasury stock
- total
each shows beginning balance +/- various transactions and ending balance
shows contributions, dividends, net income etc…
Accumulated other comprehensive income on the balance sheet
Shown SEPARATE from stock and retained earnings in stockholder’s equity section
(shows a complete picture of changes in net assets)
Income Tax on income Statement
Sales less COGS = Gross Profit Less Operating Expenses = income from operations \+/- other gains or losses = income before income taxes LESS INCOME TAX EXPENSE = Net income
Corporate income statement
Continuing operations
Income from continuing operations
Discontinued operations
Net income
Earnings per share of common stock outstanding
Income from continuing ops:
Income from discontinued operations:
Net income EPS:
Receivables on income statements
Bad debt expense + service charge expense = selling expenses
interest revenue goes under other revenue and gains (not operating)
Sales revenue section of income statement
Sales Revenue Sales Less; Sales returns and allowances Less; Sales discounts = Net Sales
Discontinued Operations on income statement
reported on income statement after income from continuing operations
Comprehensive Income on Statement of Comprehensive Income
Shows net income + or - comprehensive items:
like available for sale securities (unrealized gains and losses)
reported separately from net income to remove the market volatility from income but gives information to users as to cash realized if securities were sold
Also shows on balance sheet
Extraordinary items on income statements
Reported after income from continuing operations
- after discontinued operations if they exist
- always stated net of tax
Earnings per share
EPS
Sale under IFRS and GAAP
Net income minus preferred dividends / weighted average common shares outstanding
(weighted average required if number of shares has changed during the year)
FASB requires that this is on the income statement
Shows net income earned by each share outstanding of COMMON stock
Net of tax
Full amount x (1-tax rate) = net of tax amount
GAAP vs IFRS comprehensive income reporting
Now converged
