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Psychology > Chapter 4 -Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 4 -Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

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2
Q

Character

A

Value judgements of a person’s moral and ethical behavior

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3
Q

Temperament

A

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born

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4
Q

Another definition of temperament

A

An inborn quality noticeable soon after birth

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5
Q

Founder of psychoanalytic

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

According to Freud, personality is largely determined by

A

Unconscious mind

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7
Q

3 structures forming personality

A

Id, ego and superego

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8
Q

Id

A

Follows Pleasure principle, present at birth, innate, irrational (acts according to what feels good doing), totally unconscious

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9
Q

Ego

A

Follows Reality principle, mostly conscious, rational and logical, satisfies id’s desire safely and effectively, develop from between birth and 2 weeks old

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10
Q

Superego

A

Follows Morality principle, totally learned, compares ego’s actions with ego ideal, then reward or punish ego accordingly, demands perfection, moral center

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11
Q

Neo-freudians Members (4)

A

Carl Jung, Alfred Atler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson

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12
Q

Carl Jung

A

Developed a theory of collective unconscious
Archetypes- unlearned tendencies to learn new things in a certain way (instincts)
Anima-men have a contra sexuality which is feminine in natural
Animus-women have a contra sexuality which is masculine in natural

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13
Q

Alfred Atler

A

Developed a birth order theory

Proposed feelings of inferiority as driving force behind personality

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14
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • Developed a theory based on basic anxiety

- Rejected the concept of penis envy

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15
Q

Erik Erikson

A
  • Developed a theory based on social rather than sexuality relationships, covering the entire lifespan
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16
Q

Definition of Neo-freudians

A

Followers of Freud who develop their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

17
Q

How behaviorists define personality

A

A set of learned responses/habits

18
Q

Social-cognitive Learning theories

A
  • Developed by Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter

- they believed personality is developed through behaviors learned through observation ( observational learning)

19
Q

Humanistic perspectives on personality

A
  • Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

- Stress more on consciousness rather than unconsciousness

20
Q

The Big Five Theory (under Trait Theory)

A 
OCEAN
0- Openness to experience 
C- Conscientiousness
E- Extraversion
A- Agreeableness
N- Neurocitism
21
Q

Definition of motivation

A

An internal state that activates and gives direction to thoughts

22
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by internal rewards such as self-confidence and commitment

23
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Behavior that is driven and influenced by external factors or rewards.

  • Money, praise
  • Based on rewards and punishment
24
Q

Instinct Theory of Motivation

A
  • Founded by William James
  • A biological theory
  • States that impulses from within a person motivate the person’s behavior
25
Q

Drive-reduction Theory of Motivation

A
  • Founded by Clark L. Hull
  • A biological theory as well
  • Assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push us to satisfy the needs, reduce tension and arousal
  • This is because our internal state will not feel comfortable when our need is not fulfilled
26
Q

Arousal Theory of motivation

A
  • The Yerkes-Dodson Law
  • our performance is related to arousal
  • Moderate level of arousal leads to better performance than high or low
27
Q

Incentive Theory of Motivation

A
  • The only extrinsic motivation
  • Example: money, praise
  • Behavior is explained as a response to external stimulus and its rewarding properties
28
Q

3 types of needs (APA)

A
  • Affiliation (friendly social interaction)
  • Power (the need to have control/influence others)
  • Achievement (the strong desire to succeed in attaining and challenging goals)
29
Q

Definition of Conformity

A
  • Adjusting one’s behavior or thought to group standard

- Type of social influence involving a change in belief/behavior in order to fit in with the group

30
Q

Conditions affecting conformity (4)

A
  1. Size of the group
  2. Status of the group
  3. Observation of the group (decision)
  4. Unanimity of the group
31
Q

Reasons of conformity - Informative Social Influence

A
  • believe the people in group are better informed than the person is
  • especially in making tough decisions
32
Q

Reasons of conformity - Normative Social influence

A
  • Want to fit in with the group bcs they are fear of being ridiculed or thought peculiar
  • Follow norms because they want to avoid from being rejected or want to gain social approval

Psychology (2 decks)

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