Chapter 4 -Human Development

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

An individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Question 2

Character

Answer 2

Value judgements of a person’s moral and ethical behavior

Question 3

Temperament

Answer 3

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born

Question 4

Another definition of temperament

Answer 4

An inborn quality noticeable soon after birth

Question 5

Founder of psychoanalytic

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud

Question 6

According to Freud, personality is largely determined by

Answer 6

Unconscious mind

Question 7

3 structures forming personality

Answer 7

Id, ego and superego

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

Follows Pleasure principle, present at birth, innate, irrational (acts according to what feels good doing), totally unconscious

Question 9

Ego

Answer 9

Follows Reality principle, mostly conscious, rational and logical, satisfies id’s desire safely and effectively, develop from between birth and 2 weeks old

Question 10

Superego

Answer 10

Follows Morality principle, totally learned, compares ego’s actions with ego ideal, then reward or punish ego accordingly, demands perfection, moral center

Question 11

Neo-freudians Members (4)

Answer 11

Carl Jung, Alfred Atler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson

Question 12

Carl Jung

Answer 12

Developed a theory of collective unconscious
Archetypes- unlearned tendencies to learn new things in a certain way (instincts)
Anima-men have a contra sexuality which is feminine in natural
Animus-women have a contra sexuality which is masculine in natural

Question 13

Alfred Atler

Answer 13

Developed a birth order theory

Proposed feelings of inferiority as driving force behind personality

Question 14

Karen Horney

Answer 14

• Developed a theory based on basic anxiety

- Rejected the concept of penis envy

Question 15

Erik Erikson

Answer 15

• Developed a theory based on social rather than sexuality relationships, covering the entire lifespan

Question 16

Definition of Neo-freudians

Answer 16

Followers of Freud who develop their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

Question 17

How behaviorists define personality

Answer 17

A set of learned responses/habits

Question 18

Social-cognitive Learning theories

Answer 18

• Developed by Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter

- they believed personality is developed through behaviors learned through observation ( observational learning)

Question 19

Humanistic perspectives on personality

Answer 19

• Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

- Stress more on consciousness rather than unconsciousness

Question 20

The Big Five Theory (under Trait Theory)

Answer 20

OCEAN
0- Openness to experience 
C- Conscientiousness
E- Extraversion
A- Agreeableness
N- Neurocitism

Question 21

Definition of motivation

Answer 21

An internal state that activates and gives direction to thoughts

Question 22

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 22

Behavior that is driven by internal rewards such as self-confidence and commitment

Question 23

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 23

Behavior that is driven and influenced by external factors or rewards.

• Money, praise
• Based on rewards and punishment

Question 24

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 24

• Founded by William James
• A biological theory
• States that impulses from within a person motivate the person’s behavior

Question 25

Drive-reduction Theory of Motivation

Answer 25

- Founded by Clark L. Hull - A biological theory as well - Assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push us to satisfy the needs, reduce tension and arousal - This is because our internal state will not feel comfortable when our need is not fulfilled

Question 26

Arousal Theory of motivation

Answer 26

- The Yerkes-Dodson Law - our performance is related to arousal - Moderate level of arousal leads to better performance than high or low

Question 27

Incentive Theory of Motivation

Answer 27

- The only extrinsic motivation - Example: money, praise - Behavior is explained as a response to external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Question 28

3 types of needs (APA)

Answer 28

- Affiliation (friendly social interaction) - Power (the need to have control/influence others) - Achievement (the strong desire to succeed in attaining and challenging goals)

Question 29

Definition of Conformity

Answer 29

- Adjusting one's behavior or thought to group standard | - Type of social influence involving a change in belief/behavior in order to fit in with the group

Question 30

Conditions affecting conformity (4)

Answer 30

1. Size of the group 2. Status of the group 3. Observation of the group (decision) 4. Unanimity of the group

Question 31

Reasons of conformity - Informative Social Influence

Answer 31

- believe the people in group are better informed than the person is - especially in making tough decisions

Question 32

Reasons of conformity - Normative Social influence

Answer 32

- Want to fit in with the group bcs they are fear of being ridiculed or thought peculiar - Follow norms because they want to avoid from being rejected or want to gain social approval