Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Image Analysis (mine) > Chapter 4: Forearm and Humerus > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Forearm and Humerus Flashcards

1
Q

In an AP forearm how are the epicondyles

A

The medial and lateral epicondyles should be parallel to the IR and in profile at extreme medial and lateral edges of distal humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two other things that should be in profile for the AP forearm

A

The radial styloid should be in profile when arm is extended
- the radial tuberosity should be in profile medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In an AP forearm how is the radial head

A

The radial head is in a slight superimposition over the lateral aspect of the ulna by about 1/4 inch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When doing the AP forearm we should use the anode heel effect what body part should be at which side

A

the wrist should be at the anode
- the elbow should be at the cathode side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

distal forearm rotation occurs from

A

inaccurate positioning of the hand and wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

For an AP forearm what should be included in the x-ray

A

Both joints on IR. The IR should extend one inch beyond the wrist and elbow
- make sure to get bases of metacarpals
- carpal bones
- elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What joint is partially or completely closed in an AP forearm

A

An partial or completely closed capitulum -radial joint due to the divergence of the beam not centered over the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you now you have rotation in AP forearm

A
  • the radial styloid is no longer in profile 1/4 inch
  • distal radius and ulna and MCP bases are superimposed
  • MCP are not equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In an internal rotation of the AP forearm what happens and what is being demonstrated

A

the MCP’s of the 1st and 2nd are superimposed.
- pisiform and hamate hook are better demonstrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pisiform and hamate are better demonstrate what kind of rotation for AP forearm

A

internal rotation ( medial rotation) hand turned in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In an external rotation of the AP forearm what happens

A

the 4th and 5th MCP’s are superimposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In a medially rotated ( internal rotation) of the forearm what will be shown

A

the radial head is demonstrated more or less than 1/4 superimposition on ulna
- when more than 1/4 of the head is over the ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

proximal forearm rotation occurs from

A

poorly positioned humeral epicondyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pt with known or suspected fractures of the forearm what should you do if they are unable to place arm in position

A

position the area closest to the fracture in a true position ap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In a externally rotated ( lateral rotation) of the forearm what will be shown

A

less than 1/4 of the radial head superimposition is over ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In a medial rotation of the forearm

A
  • epicondyles are not parallel
  • pisiform is out
  • superimposition of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

due to the divergence of the x-ray beam what joint space is open in the AP forearm when the central ray is at mid forearm

A

the radioscaphoid and the radiolunate joint spaces are open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when you center at midshaft for the AP forearm what joint is closed and open

A
  • open wrist joint
  • closes off elbow joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how much of each joint should be on the image for a lateral forearm

A

IR long enough to extend one inch beyond both the wrist and elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is the most common place for avulsion fracture (hyperextending of the wrist)

A

ulnar styloid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is in profile for the lateral forearm

A

ulnar styloid is in profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how should the elbow, humerus, hand, and wrist be positioned for a lateral forearm

A

elbow at 90 degrees, elbow, hand, wrist, in a lateral position
- humerus in the same horizontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In a lateral forearm how is the distal scaphoid

A

the distal scaphoid is slightly distal to the pisiform and anterior to the capitate and lunate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where can you see fluid build up, effusion or fractures

A

pronator, supinator, or anterior fat pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is the most common to cut off in an lateral forearm

A

back of the olecranon process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In a lateral forearm what joint space is open due to the divergence of the beam

A

elbow joint is open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in a lateral forearm what is true lateral

A

the wrist and thumb are true lateral bring thumb down to the 2nd to not obscure trapezium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why should elbow be at 90 degrees for lateral forearm

A

to demonstrate a good anterior fat pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in a lateral forearm what are the soft tissues of interest

A

anterior, posterior, supinator fat stripe at the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if there is less or more than 90 degrees flexion of the elbow in a lateral forearm what happens

A

the anterior fat pad is distorted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anterior fat pad is with

A

radial head fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the pronator fat stripe is located

A

anterior surface of the distal radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in a lateral forearm if the anterior fat pad does not look like a tear drop what happens

A

there is a possible indication of a radial head fractured

25
Q

how is the posterior fat pad if there is an injury in a lateral forearm

A

you will see it in the extreme lateral edge

26
Q

The posterior fat pad is pushed out with injury, what does it do to the olecranon

A

pushing proximal and posterior to the olecranon process

26
Q

how is the posterior fat pad if its not injured in a lateral forearm

A

it goes into the olecranon and you wont see it

27
Q

what is not in profile for a lateral forearm

A

the radial tuberosity is not in profile

28
Q

in an external rotation (supinated) of the distal forearm wrist rotation

A

the pisiform will be anterior to the distal scaphoid
- ulna appears anterior to the radius
- radius posterior to the ulna

29
Q

if the hand is pronated for a forearm, how is the distal scaphoid
(medial rotation)

A

the distal scaphoid is anterior to the pisiform and the radius is anterior to the ulna

30
Q

if the elbow is still lateral

A

the radial tuberosity is facing anteriorly

31
Q

radial tuberosity facing medially in what projection

A

AP forearm

32
Q

poor elbow placement

A

can displace the fat pads

33
Q

in external rotation what happens to pisiform

A

push pisiform out, becoming more anterior

34
Q

for a lateral forearm if the proximal forearm is elevated what happens to the capitulum and trochlea

A

capitulum - too far anteriorly
medial trochlea- too posteriorly
which closes off the elbow joint space

35
Q

what is connected to the radial head

A

the capitulum

36
Q

Poor humeral position in a lateral forearm results in

A

in the capitulum and medial trochlea misalignment and also the radial head and coronoid process

37
Q

when the proximal humerus ( shoulder) is elevated not in the same plane

A

The radial head is positioned posterior to the coronoid process

38
Q

if the proximal humerus is depressed

A

the radial head is positioned anterior to the coronoid process

39
Q

in a lateral forearm how are the epicondyles

A

epicondyles are perpendicular

40
Q

how are the medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in a AP humerus

A

Medial and lateral humeral epicondyles are in profile ( parallel with the IR

41
Q

In an AP humerus how is the radial head

A

the radial head and tuberosity are superimposed over the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna 1/4 inch

42
Q

What is demonstrated in profile for the AP humerus

A

the greater tubercle is demonstrated in profile laterally

43
Q

thumbs follows what

A

the greater tubercle

44
Q

what is demonstrated in medial profile in an AP humerus

A

humeral head is demonstrated in medial profile

45
Q

what is visible halfway between greater tubercle and humeral head

A

Vertical cortical margin of lesser tubercle

46
Q

how is the radial tuberosity when the hand is supinated in AP humerus

A

medially

47
Q

what is superimposed over the glenoid fossa in AP humerus

A

head superimposed over glenoid fossa

48
Q

what is a result of poor humeral epicondyle positioning

A

rotation of humerus

49
Q

how to determine the amount of rotation needed by in an AP humerus

A

by looking at the radial tuberosity superimposition over the ulna

50
Q

how is the radial tuberosity when the hand is supinated in AP humerus

A

radial tuberosity is facing medially

51
Q

if less than 1/4 of radial tuberosity off ulna what kind of rotation it is for the AP humerus

A

excessive external (laterally)

52
Q

if there is more than 1/4 inch of radial tuberosity is shown on ulna , how is the rotation

A

the elbow and humerus has been medially rotated (internally)

53
Q

what can excessive rotating due of there is a fracture of the humerus

A

forearm should not be externally rotated excessively , this may cause an increase risk of radial nerve damage

54
Q

what should you do if there is a suspected fracture of the humerus you can’t externally rotate the humerus

A

move the whole body

55
Q

how should you position someone with an injury that is unable to move

A

Joint closest to the injury should be aligned in the true AP position

56
Q

what is in profile for a mediolateral humerus

A

the lesser tubercle is in profile medially

57
Q

What is superimposed in a mediolateral humerus

A

humeral head and greater tubercle are superimposed

58
Q

in a mediolateral humerus how is the radial head

A

the radial head is demonstrated anterior to the coronoid process

59
Q

what else is in profile for a mediolateral humerus

A

the radial tuberosity is in profile

60
Q

how are the epicondyles in the mediolateral humerus

A

the epicondyles are perpendicular to IR

61
Q

which lateral of the humerus decreases distortion

A

mediolateral humerus

62
Q

what is seen better in a mediolateral humerus

A

the radial tuberosity or radial head is seen better

63
Q

what is seen better in a lateromedial humerus

A

the coronoid process is better seen

64
Q

what happens when there is over rotation of the mediolateral projection of the humerus ( no longer in a PA position)

A

This would cause a decrease in density of the proximal humerus compared to the distal humerus
- you won’t see the proximal humerus

65
Q

how are the epicondyles in a lateromedial humerus

A

epicondyles are perpendicular to IR

66
Q

for a good lateral elbow in a lateral humerus how should the hand be

A

hand turned up

67
Q

in a lateralomedial projection what is superimposed

A

the radial head and coronoid process are superimposed

68
Q

what is not in profile no more in a lateromedial humerus

A

the radial tuberosity is no longer in profile

69
Q

in a lateromedial projection how is the capitulum

A

the capitulum is visible distal to the medial trochlea

70
Q

for a fracture of the proximal humerus what two projections can you do

A
  • scapular y
  • transthoracic lateral
71
Q

use a 3 second breathing technique, proximal humerus is halfway between the sternum and the thoracic vertebrae

A

Transthoracic lateral position

72
Q

why do we do a bluring technique for a transthoracic lateral position

A

it shows fracture and dislocation
- to blur ribs and lungs

Image Analysis (mine) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions