CHAPTER 4 Factors Influencing the Research Process

Question 1

Studies based on observations
that represent a single point in time.

Answer 1

cross-sectional studies

Question 2

Studies that conduct observa-
tions at different points in time.

Answer 2

longitudinal studies

Question 3

A set of philosophical assumptions about
the nature of reality—a fundamental model or scheme
that organizes our view of some things.

Answer 3

Paradigm

Question 4

A paradigm that empha-
sizes the pursuit of objectivity in our quest to
observe and understand reality.

Answer 4

Contemporary positivism

Question 5

A paradigm that emphasizes
multiple subjective realities and the difficulty of
being objective.

Answer 5

Social Contructivism

Question 6

A research paradigm that focuses
on gaining an empathic understanding of how peo-
ple feel inside, seeking to interpret individuals’
everyday experiences, their deeper meanings and
feelings, and the idiosyncratic reasons for their
behaviors.

Answer 6

interpretivism

Question 7

A research paradigm distin-
guished by its focus on oppression and its commit-
ment to using research procedures to empower
oppressed groups.

Answer 7

Critical social science

Question 8

A research paradigm, like the
critical social science paradigm, distinguished by
its commitment to using research procedures to
address issues of concern to women and to
empower women.

Answer 8

Feminist paradigm

Question 9

A research process based on
inductive logic, in which the researcher begins with
observations, seeks patterns in those observations,
and generates tentative conclusions from those
patterns.

Answer 9

inductive method

Question 10

A research process based on
deductive logic, in which the researcher begins with
a theory, then derives hypotheses, and ultimately col-
lects observations to test the hypotheses.

Answer 10

Deductive method