Chapter 4) Energetics Flashcards
Why do all reactions require energy?
to break bonds in the reactants, and all reactions give off energy when new bonds are made to form the products.
What tells you whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic?
The difference in the energy required to break the bonds and to make the new bonds
Why is it possible to be able to work out the enthalpy change if you know the products and reactants?
Hess’s law states that whichever route a reaction takes, the enthalpy change will always be the same..
What are the units of enthalpy change?
mol/KJ
Define enthalpy change:
The heat change at constant pressure
Why do open flasks lead to slight error when calculating enthalpy change?
as atmospheric pressure varies from day to day, this leads to slight systematic error
Describe the enthalpy diagram of an exothermic reaction:
the reactants have a higher enthalpy than the products. the delta H is negative (decreasing), the x axis is labelled extent of reaction and the y axis is labelled enthalpy.
Describe the enthalpy diagram of an exothermic reaction:
the reactants have a lower enthalpy than the products. the delta H is positive (increasing), the x axis is labelled extent of reaction and the y axis is labelled enthalpy.
What is there no way to measure directly?
heat
How is the heat of a reaction measured?
In an experiment, heat created from a reaction is transferred to a mass (often water) and the temperature change is measured.
q=mc(delta)T
This also means the specific heat capacity of the substance , mass of substance and the temperature change is recorded.
Define temperature:
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, temperature Is independent of the number of particles present.
Define heat:
A measure of the total energy of all the particles present in a given amount of substance, it is dependent on the amount of substance. Heat flows from a high temperature to a low. e.g a lukewarm bath has much more heat than a red hot nail, as the bath contains more particles.
What is the apparatus called that is used to calculate enthalpy change?
calorimeter
what are the differences between simple calorimeter and flame calorimeter?
Flame calorimeter is designed to reduce heat loss:
- spiral chimney made of copper
- flame is enclosed
- fuel burns in pure oxygen rather than air.
What are the units for q=mc(delta)T
q=Joules
m=grams
(delta) T= kelvin or degrees Celsius