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Biological Bases of Behavior > Chapter 4 Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

A key characteristic of a drug, as defined in the text, is that it…

A

is an exogenous chemical.

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2
Q

________ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior.

A

Psychopharmacology

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3
Q

________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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4
Q

Dr. Jackson is doing research in which she examines whether a drug effect is different depending on whether the drug is given orally or rectally. We might say that she is doing a study involving…

A

pharmacokinetics

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5
Q

The ________ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain.

A

Intravenous

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6
Q

An important drawback to the ________ route is the high likelihood of accidental overdose.

A

Intravenous

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7
Q

The ________​ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat.

A

Intraperitoneal

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8
Q

The ________ route of drug administration is most commonly used for humans.

A

Oral

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9
Q

James snorts a small amount of cocaine into his nose using a rolled up dollar bill. The formal term for this route of cocaine administration would be

A

Insufflation

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10
Q

A drug that might cause stomach upset if taken orally can alternatively be administered to a human via…

A

a rectal suppository.

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11
Q

Neil has accidentally ingested a toxic chemical, which has made him unconscious and will soon kill him. Which route of administration would emergency physicians most likely use to administer an antidote for the toxin?

A

Intravenous

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12
Q

The ________ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier.

A

Intracerebroventricular

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13
Q

An increase in ________ for a drug would cause that drug to more rapidly reach the brain.

A

Lipid solubility

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14
Q

What is true of drug effects?

A

Drugs vary widely in their effectiveness.

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15
Q

The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the…

A

Kidneys

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16
Q

The primary organ that metabolizes drugs is the…

A

Liver

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17
Q

The ________ is a measure of the safety of a drug.

A

therapeutic index

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18
Q

________ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action.

A

Affinity

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19
Q

Differences in effectiveness between two drugs that share the same site of action would be expected to result from their different…

A

affinities for the site of action.

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Valium has the largest therapeutic index

A

True

Valium has the largest therapeutic index

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21
Q

What is true of the therapeutic index?

A

MORE caution is required for a drug with a LOW therapeutic index.

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22
Q

________ refers to a reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration.

A

Tolerance

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23
Q

________ refers to an increased behavioral effect of a drug noted with repeated administration.

A

Sensitization

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24
Q

The term ________ refers to a state of anxious misery, often produced by withdrawal from certain drugs of abuse.

A

Dysphoria

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25
Q

One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is a(n)…

A

a reduced number of receptors for the drug.

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Drug sensitization is MORE common than is drug tolerance.

A

False

Drug sensitization is LESS common than is drug tolerance.

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27
Q

A(n) ________ is an innocuous substance that has no physiological effect.

A

Placebo

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28
Q

An example of a withdrawal symptom for a heroin addict would be

A

Dysphoria

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29
Q

A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.

A

Antagonist

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30
Q

Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects are termed…

A

Agonist

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31
Q

Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to…

A

INCREASE the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter.

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32
Q

We would classify a drug as a(n) ________ ​if that drug acted to block the capacity of vesicles to be filled with neurotransmitter molecules.

A

Antagonist

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33
Q

A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)…

A

direct antagonist.

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34
Q

A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and facilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)…

A

indirect agonist.

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35
Q

A(n) ________ is defined as drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and that prevents the opening of ion channels by the neurotransmitter.

A

indirect antagonist

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36
Q

A drug that activates a presynaptic autoreceptor will usually…

A

reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.

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37
Q

Activation of dendritic autoreceptors produce ________; a drug that is an agonist at these autoreceptors would be classified as an ________ for the synapse.

A

hyperpolarizations; antagonist

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38
Q

A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor most likely…

A

increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.

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39
Q

A synapse that contains a presynaptic heteroreceptor would be classified as a(n) ________ synapse.

A

Axoaxonic

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40
Q

Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that…

A

reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate.

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41
Q

Inactivation of a transporter in the presynaptic membrane would be expected to…

A

increase the levels of the transmitter in the synapse.

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42
Q

Termination of the postsynaptic potential would be expected from a drug or process that acts to…

A

enzymatically degrade the neurotransmitter molecule.

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43
Q

The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are…

A

glutamate; GABA

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44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Acetylcholine is subject to reuptake by the axon terminals.

A

False

Rationale: Acetylcholine is NOT subject to reuptake by the axon terminals.

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45
Q

What pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?

A

glutamate and GABA

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46
Q

________ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS.

A

Acetylcholine

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47
Q

What transmitter induces muscle movement and is the primary transmitter secreted by efferent axons of the central nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

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48
Q

What transmitter substance matches with the appropriate behavioral role or action of Acetylcholine?

A

facilitation of perceptual learning

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49
Q

Cholinergic neurons within the ________ are thought to ________.

A

dorsolateral pons; elicit most of the aspects of REM sleep

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50
Q

Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum are involved in the control of what?

A

the electrical rhythms of the hippocampus.

51
Q

Damage to the ________ cholinergic system would be expected to impair learning.

A

Basal Forebrain

52
Q

Acetylcholine is produced when ________ accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to a choline molecule.

A

choline acetyltransferase

53
Q

Activation of the ________ has been related to the control of REM sleep.

A

dorsolateral pons ACh system

54
Q

What drug pairs with black widow spider venom

known to facilitate and inhibit (respectively) the release of acetylcholine?

A

botulinum toxin

55
Q

In the anecdote on cholinergic toxicity, Mr. F. contracted botulism by…

A

tasting the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus.

56
Q

An ionotropic cholinergic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is…

A

rapid and short in duration.

57
Q

The disease process of myasthenia gravis produces muscle weakness by…

A

reducing the number of ACh receptors on muscles.

58
Q

A drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in brain would be expected to…

A

increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine.

59
Q

The postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated by…

A

enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase.

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain.

A

True

Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain.

61
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found in ________ in the periphery and in ________ in the brain.

A

muscle fibers; axoaxonic synapses

62
Q

What pair represents the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

63
Q

What pair of drugs are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?

A

atropine and curare

64
Q

Curare is used in medical clinics to…

A

induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during a surgical procedure.

65
Q

The drug ________ causes pupil dilation by blocking ________ receptors.

A

atropine and muscarinic

66
Q

The amino acid ________ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine.

A

tyrosine

67
Q

What drug is classified as an indolamine?

A

Serotonin

68
Q

Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of…

A

Dopamine

69
Q

Degeneration of neurons within the ________ dopamine system leads to Parkinson’s disease.

A

nigrostriatal

70
Q

Damage to the ________ dopaminergic system would be expected to impair movement.

A

nigrostriatal

71
Q

The neostriatum consists of the…

A

caudate nucleus and the putamen.

72
Q

The ________ dopamine system plays a key role in the control of planning and problem solving.

A

mesocortical

73
Q

Low doses of the drug apomorphine…

A

inhibit the synthesis and release of dopamine. (Antagonist)

74
Q

What drug blocks the storage of monoamines in vesicles?

A

reserpine (antagonist)

75
Q

TRUE OF FALSE:

Dopamine receptors are ionotropic.

A

False:

Dopamine receptors are metabotropic.

76
Q

A drug that causes the transporters for dopamine to run in reverse would…

A

spill dopamine into the synaptic cleft.

77
Q

Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase B would be expected to…

A

INCREASE the release of dopamine in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal buttons.

78
Q

Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with…

A

schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.

79
Q

A person who eats cheese while taking a(n) ________ may suffer a fatal increase in blood pressure.

A

MAOI; monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug

80
Q

The final synthesis step for norepinephrine occurs in the ________ and requires the presence of ________.

A

vesicle; dopamine and DBH

81
Q

Common synonymous pair of drugs:

A

epinephrine and adrenaline

82
Q

The unique aspect of norepinephrine (NE) release is that…

A

axonal varicosities release NE.

83
Q

Drugs that block MAO-A are ________ agonists, whereas MAO-B blockers are ________.

A

norepinephrine; dopamine agonists

84
Q

Activation of 1- and 2-adrenoceptors in brain produce ________ and ________, respectively.

A

slow depolarization; slow hyperpolarization

85
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from

A

tryptophan.

86
Q

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat…

A

Depression

87
Q

The ________ serotonin receptor subtype is classified as an ionotropic receptor.

A

5-HT3

88
Q

Cell bodies of serotonin neurons are located within the…

A

Raphe nuclei

89
Q

Drugs that block histamine receptors produce…

A

Drowsiness

90
Q

Why is it difficult to prove that amino acids can function as neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acids play a role in protein synthesis for ALL nerve cells.

91
Q

Glutamate, GABA, and glycine are important because these are…

A

the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS.

92
Q

Which of the following is a true of NMDA receptors?

A

Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions to flow into the nerve cell.

93
Q

Alcohol withdrawal can lead to seizures because of the effect of alcohol on…

A

blocking NMDA receptors.

94
Q

The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine)

A

antagonist of the NMDA receptor.

95
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from…

A

glutamic acids

96
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the electrical activity of the brain.

A

True

The inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the electrical activity of the brain.

97
Q

The GABAA receptor is ________ and controls a ________ channel.

A

ionotropic; chloride

98
Q

Picrotoxin

A

indirect antagonist of the GABAA receptor

99
Q

The GABAA antagonist ________ can induce motor convulsions.

A

Picrotoxin

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The glycine receptor is metabotropic.

A

False

The glycine receptor is ionotropic.

101
Q

Inactivation of glycine receptors would be expected to result in…

A

Convulsions

102
Q

Neuropeptides are distinctive in that these transmitters are…

A

secreted from all parts of a terminal button.

103
Q

The term “opioid” refers to ________.

A

endogenous chemicals

104
Q

The term “opiates” refers to ________.

A

exogenous drugs

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Opioids can induce euphoria and reward.

A

True

Opioids can induce euphoria and reward.

106
Q

Drugs such as morphine and heroin are classified as…

A

Opiate drugs

107
Q

Activation of cannabinoid receptors by THC occurs when?

A

when a person smokes marijuana.

108
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on hippocampal CB1 receptors.

A

True

Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on hippocampal CB1 receptors.

109
Q

The excitatory effects of caffeine result from blocking what?

A

adenosine receptors.

110
Q

________ dilates blood vessels in metabolically active brain regions.

A

Nitric Oxide

111
Q

________ is the Greek word for drug.

A

Pharmakon

112
Q

________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, and excreted from the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

113
Q

A drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter would be labeled as a direct ______.

A

Agonist

114
Q

Activation of ________ autoreceptors inhibits the rate of firing of the nerve cell.

A

Dendritic

115
Q

________ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.

A

Glycine

116
Q

Acetylcholine is inactivated within the synapse by the action of the enzyme ________.

A

acetylcholinerase or ache

117
Q

________ is synthesized from tryptophan.

A

Serotonin

118
Q

Hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD are ______ for the 5HT2A receptor.

A

Agonists

119
Q

Secretion of histamine increases ________.

A

Histamine

120
Q

The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine) is an antagonist of the ________ receptor.

A

NMDA

121
Q

Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on CB1 receptors located in the ________.

A

Hippocampus

122
Q

________ induces behavioral activation by blocking adenosine receptors.

A

Caffeine

123
Q

Ingestion of ________ can result in fatal paralysis of the muscles.

A

botulinum toxin

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