Chapter 4 Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
A key characteristic of a drug, as defined in the text, is that it…
A
is an exogenous chemical.
2
Q
________ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior.
A
Psychopharmacology
3
Q
________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body.
A
Pharmacokinetics
4
Q
Dr. Jackson is doing research in which she examines whether a drug effect is different depending on whether the drug is given orally or rectally. We might say that she is doing a study involving…
A
pharmacokinetics
5
Q
The ________ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain.
A
Intravenous
6
Q
An important drawback to the ________ route is the high likelihood of accidental overdose.
A
Intravenous
7
Q
The ________ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat.
A
Intraperitoneal
8
Q
The ________ route of drug administration is most commonly used for humans.
A
Oral
9
Q
James snorts a small amount of cocaine into his nose using a rolled up dollar bill. The formal term for this route of cocaine administration would be
A
Insufflation
10
Q
A drug that might cause stomach upset if taken orally can alternatively be administered to a human via…
A
a rectal suppository.
11
Q
Neil has accidentally ingested a toxic chemical, which has made him unconscious and will soon kill him. Which route of administration would emergency physicians most likely use to administer an antidote for the toxin?
A
Intravenous
12
Q
The ________ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
A
Intracerebroventricular
13
Q
An increase in ________ for a drug would cause that drug to more rapidly reach the brain.
A
Lipid solubility
14
Q
What is true of drug effects?
A
Drugs vary widely in their effectiveness.
15
Q
The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the…
A
Kidneys
16
Q
The primary organ that metabolizes drugs is the…
A
Liver
17
Q
The ________ is a measure of the safety of a drug.
A
therapeutic index
18
Q
________ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action.
A
Affinity
19
Q
Differences in effectiveness between two drugs that share the same site of action would be expected to result from their different…
A
affinities for the site of action.
20
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Valium has the largest therapeutic index
A
True
Valium has the largest therapeutic index
21
Q
What is true of the therapeutic index?
A
MORE caution is required for a drug with a LOW therapeutic index.
22
Q
________ refers to a reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration.
A
Tolerance
23
Q
________ refers to an increased behavioral effect of a drug noted with repeated administration.
A
Sensitization
24
Q
The term ________ refers to a state of anxious misery, often produced by withdrawal from certain drugs of abuse.
A
Dysphoria
25
One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is a(n)...
a reduced number of receptors for the drug.
26
TRUE OR FALSE:
Drug sensitization is MORE common than is drug tolerance.
False
Drug sensitization is LESS common than is drug tolerance.
27
A(n) ________ is an innocuous substance that has no physiological effect.
Placebo
28
An example of a withdrawal symptom for a heroin addict would be
Dysphoria
29
A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.
Antagonist
30
Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects are termed...
Agonist
31
Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to...
INCREASE the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter.
32
We would classify a drug as a(n) ________ if that drug acted to block the capacity of vesicles to be filled with neurotransmitter molecules.
Antagonist
33
A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)...
direct antagonist.
34
A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and facilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)...
indirect agonist.
35
A(n) ________ is defined as drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and that prevents the opening of ion channels by the neurotransmitter.
indirect antagonist
36
A drug that activates a presynaptic autoreceptor will usually...
reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
37
Activation of dendritic autoreceptors produce ________; a drug that is an agonist at these autoreceptors would be classified as an ________ for the synapse.
hyperpolarizations; antagonist
38
A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor most likely...
increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
39
A synapse that contains a presynaptic heteroreceptor would be classified as a(n) ________ synapse.
Axoaxonic
40
Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that...
reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate.
41
Inactivation of a transporter in the presynaptic membrane would be expected to...
increase the levels of the transmitter in the synapse.
42
Termination of the postsynaptic potential would be expected from a drug or process that acts to...
enzymatically degrade the neurotransmitter molecule.
43
The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are...
glutamate; GABA
44
TRUE OR FALSE:
Acetylcholine is subject to reuptake by the axon terminals.
False
Rationale: Acetylcholine is NOT subject to reuptake by the axon terminals.
45
What pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?
glutamate and GABA
46
________ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS.
Acetylcholine
47
What transmitter induces muscle movement and is the primary transmitter secreted by efferent axons of the central nervous system?
acetylcholine
48
What transmitter substance matches with the appropriate behavioral role or action of Acetylcholine?
facilitation of perceptual learning
49
Cholinergic neurons within the ________ are thought to ________.
dorsolateral pons; elicit most of the aspects of REM sleep
50
Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum are involved in the control of what?
the electrical rhythms of the hippocampus.
51
Damage to the ________ cholinergic system would be expected to impair learning.
Basal Forebrain
52
Acetylcholine is produced when ________ accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to a choline molecule.
choline acetyltransferase
53
Activation of the ________ has been related to the control of REM sleep.
dorsolateral pons ACh system
54
What drug pairs with black widow spider venom
| known to facilitate and inhibit (respectively) the release of acetylcholine?
botulinum toxin
55
In the anecdote on cholinergic toxicity, Mr. F. contracted botulism by...
tasting the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus.
56
An ionotropic cholinergic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is...
rapid and short in duration.
57
The disease process of myasthenia gravis produces muscle weakness by...
reducing the number of ACh receptors on muscles.
58
A drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in brain would be expected to...
increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine.
59
The postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated by...
enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase.
60
TRUE OR FALSE:
Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain.
True
Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain.
61
Nicotinic receptors are found in ________ in the periphery and in ________ in the brain.
muscle fibers; axoaxonic synapses
62
What pair represents the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?
nicotinic and muscarinic
63
What pair of drugs are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?
atropine and curare
64
Curare is used in medical clinics to...
induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during a surgical procedure.
65
The drug ________ causes pupil dilation by blocking ________ receptors.
atropine and muscarinic
66
The amino acid ________ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine.
tyrosine
67
What drug is classified as an indolamine?
Serotonin
68
Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of...
Dopamine
69
Degeneration of neurons within the ________ dopamine system leads to Parkinson’s disease.
nigrostriatal
70
Damage to the ________ dopaminergic system would be expected to impair movement.
nigrostriatal
71
The neostriatum consists of the...
caudate nucleus and the putamen.
72
The ________ dopamine system plays a key role in the control of planning and problem solving.
mesocortical
73
Low doses of the drug apomorphine...
inhibit the synthesis and release of dopamine. (Antagonist)
74
What drug blocks the storage of monoamines in vesicles?
reserpine (antagonist)
75
TRUE OF FALSE:
Dopamine receptors are ionotropic.
False:
Dopamine receptors are metabotropic.
76
A drug that causes the transporters for dopamine to run in reverse would...
spill dopamine into the synaptic cleft.
77
Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase B would be expected to...
INCREASE the release of dopamine in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal buttons.
78
Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with...
schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.
79
A person who eats cheese while taking a(n) ________ may suffer a fatal increase in blood pressure.
MAOI; monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug
80
The final synthesis step for norepinephrine occurs in the ________ and requires the presence of ________.
vesicle; dopamine and DBH
81
Common synonymous pair of drugs:
epinephrine and adrenaline
82
The unique aspect of norepinephrine (NE) release is that...
axonal varicosities release NE.
83
Drugs that block MAO-A are ________ agonists, whereas MAO-B blockers are ________.
norepinephrine; dopamine agonists
84
Activation of 1- and 2-adrenoceptors in brain produce ________ and ________, respectively.
slow depolarization; slow hyperpolarization
85
Serotonin is synthesized from
tryptophan.
86
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat...
Depression
87
The ________ serotonin receptor subtype is classified as an ionotropic receptor.
5-HT3
88
Cell bodies of serotonin neurons are located within the...
Raphe nuclei
89
Drugs that block histamine receptors produce...
Drowsiness
90
Why is it difficult to prove that amino acids can function as neurotransmitters?
Amino acids play a role in protein synthesis for ALL nerve cells.
91
Glutamate, GABA, and glycine are important because these are...
the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS.
92
Which of the following is a true of NMDA receptors?
Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions to flow into the nerve cell.
93
Alcohol withdrawal can lead to seizures because of the effect of alcohol on...
blocking NMDA receptors.
94
The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine)
antagonist of the NMDA receptor.
95
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from...
glutamic acids
96
TRUE OR FALSE:
The inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the electrical activity of the brain.
True
The inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the electrical activity of the brain.
97
The GABAA receptor is ________ and controls a ________ channel.
ionotropic; chloride
98
Picrotoxin
indirect antagonist of the GABAA receptor
99
The GABAA antagonist ________ can induce motor convulsions.
Picrotoxin
100
TRUE OR FALSE:
The glycine receptor is metabotropic.
False
The glycine receptor is ionotropic.
101
Inactivation of glycine receptors would be expected to result in...
Convulsions
102
Neuropeptides are distinctive in that these transmitters are...
secreted from all parts of a terminal button.
103
The term “opioid” refers to ________.
endogenous chemicals
104
The term “opiates” refers to ________.
exogenous drugs
105
TRUE OR FALSE:
Opioids can induce euphoria and reward.
True
Opioids can induce euphoria and reward.
106
Drugs such as morphine and heroin are classified as...
Opiate drugs
107
Activation of cannabinoid receptors by THC occurs when?
when a person smokes marijuana.
108
TRUE OR FALSE:
Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on hippocampal CB1 receptors.
True
Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on hippocampal CB1 receptors.
109
The excitatory effects of caffeine result from blocking what?
adenosine receptors.
110
________ dilates blood vessels in metabolically active brain regions.
Nitric Oxide
111
________ is the Greek word for drug.
Pharmakon
112
________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, and excreted from the body.
Pharmacokinetics
113
A drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter would be labeled as a direct ______.
Agonist
114
Activation of ________ autoreceptors inhibits the rate of firing of the nerve cell.
Dendritic
115
________ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord.
Glycine
116
Acetylcholine is inactivated within the synapse by the action of the enzyme ________.
acetylcholinerase or ache
117
________ is synthesized from tryptophan.
Serotonin
118
Hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD are ______ for the 5HT2A receptor.
Agonists
119
Secretion of histamine increases ________.
Histamine
120
The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine) is an antagonist of the ________ receptor.
NMDA
121
Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on CB1 receptors located in the ________.
Hippocampus
122
________ induces behavioral activation by blocking adenosine receptors.
Caffeine
123
Ingestion of ________ can result in fatal paralysis of the muscles.
botulinum toxin
