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Development Across The Life Span > Chapter 4 - Development Across The Life Span > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Development Across The Life Span Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception until death.

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2
Q

Name the three domains that developmental changes can be grouped into.

A

1) Physical
2) Socio-Emotional
3) Cognitive

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3
Q

What is the germinal period?

A

Period in prenatal development from conception to 2 weeks after fertilization of the egg, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.

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4
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Period in prenatal development from 2-8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the embryo.

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5
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

Period in prenatal development from 8 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.

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6
Q

What are teratogens?

What does Tera in Greek mean?

A

Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development.

Monster.

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7
Q

Opiates, Cocaine, or Marijuana are a few examples of what that can affect the mother and her baby during pregnancy?

A

Recreational drugs.

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8
Q

Alcohol can affect what in a pregnant woman?

A

The baby’s development, causing a variety of defects.

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9
Q

What are some known types of teratogens?

A

Legal drugs (alcohol, nicotine, caffeine)

Recreational drugs (cocaine, marijuana)

Infections (German measles, Syphilis)

Environmental factors (Radiation such as from x-rays, mercury)

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10
Q

What are the two ways the brain changes as infants and children develop?

A

1) Myelinated axons form synapses with other neurons.
2) Over time, the synaptic connections are refined to preserve the most important and helpful connections (pruning of the brain)

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11
Q

What are the 3 basic motor reflexes babies are born with that aid survival?

A

1) Rooting Reflex
2) Sucking Reflex
3) Grasping Reflex

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12
Q

What is Maturation?

A

Physical development of the brain and body that prepares an infant for voluntary movement.

Ex: rolling over, sitting, walking

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13
Q

What is sensory development?

A

When an infant obtains information from the world by hearing, smelling, seeing, tasting and touching.

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14
Q

What are the three attachment styles discovered by Ainsworth?

A

1) Secure Attachment
2) Avoidant Attachment
3) Ambivalent Attachment

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15
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

The attachment style for most infants where they are fine playing in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is there and can readily provide comfort when distressed

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16
Q

What is the avoidant attachment ?

A

Attachment style where the infant is willing to explore an unfamiliar environment but have little interest in the presence on the caregiver, even when they leave or come back

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17
Q

What is ambivalent attachment?

A

Attachment style where the infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but also have mixed feelings about the caregiver

Ex: crying when caregiver leaves the room, but cannot be calmed by the caregiver when she returns

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18
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

Capacity to understand that other people have minds and intentions

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19
Q

What did Piaget’s theory of cognitive thinking discover?

A

That we change how we think as we form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how the world works

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20
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Process we use to incorporate new information into existing framework for knowledge

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21
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

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22
Q

What are the 4 stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

1) Sensorimotor stage • infants acquire info about the world through their senses & motor skills
2) Preoperational stage • children think symbolically about objects, but reason based on intuition & superficial appearances rather than logic
3) Concrete Operational • children begin to think about & understand logical operations, & they are no longer fooled by appearances
4) Formal Operational Stage • people can think abstractly, & they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic

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23
Q

When does adolescence start?

A

The end of childhood, around ages 11-14 and lasts until ages 18-21.

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24
Q

What is the secondary sex characteristics?

A

Physical changes during puberty that are not directly related to reproduction but that indicate the difference between the sexes

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25
Q

What is the primary sex characteristics?

A

Physical development during puberty that results in sexually mature reproductive organs and genitals

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26
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Formal learning theory from the early 20th century.

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27
Q

Who focused on environment and associated effects as key determinants of learning?

A

John Watson

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28
Q

Who designed animal experiments to discovery basic rules of learning?

A

B. F. Skinner

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29
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Person learning information about one external stimulus (ex: a sight, a smell, or sound)

30
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus.

31
Q

What is Sensitization?

A

An increase in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus.

32
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Understanding how two or more pieces of information are related

33
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning that a behavior leads to a particular outcome

34
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning that two stimuli go together

35
Q

What is observational learning?

A

When we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior.

36
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

Learning to engage in a behavior, or not, after seeing others being rewarded, or punished, for performing that action.

37
Q

What are the three types of learning?

A

1) Non-Associative
2) Associative
3) Watching others

38
Q

The strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons is?

A

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

39
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Type of learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

40
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A

Stimulus that elicits a response that is innate and doesn’t require any prior learning

41
Q

What is a unconditioned response (UR)?

A

Response that doesn’t have to be learned, such as a Reflex

42
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

Stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

43
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

Response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned

44
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future.

45
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Any behavior leading to a satisfying state of affairs, is likely to be repeated. Any behaviors leading to an annoying state of affairs, less likely to reoccur

46
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are necessary for survival such as food or water

47
Q

What are Secondary Reinforcers?

A

Events or objects that serve as reinforcers but don’t satisfy biological needs

48
Q

What is the premack principle?

A

More valued activity can reinforce performance of less valued activity

49
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated.

50
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removal of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated

51
Q

What is behavior modification?

A

Operant conditioning replaces unwanted behaviors with desirable behaviors

52
Q

What are token economies?

A

Type of behavior modification involving the opportunity to earn tokens (secondary reinforcements) for completing tasks and loss of tokens for behaving badly

53
Q

What is latent Learning?

A

Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement.

54
Q

What is insight learning?

A

A sudden understanding of how to solve a problem after a period of either inaction or thinking about the problem.

55
Q

What are the three ways we learn by watching?

A

1) Observational learning
2) Modeling
3) Vicarious conditioning

56
Q

What is memory?

A

The nervous system’s capacity to acquire & retain skills and knowledge for later retrieval.

57
Q

What is encoding?

A

Processing of information so that it can be stored.

58
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed

59
Q

What is the filter theory?

A

Theory that attempts to explain how we selectively attend to the most important information

60
Q

What is change blindness ?

A

An individual’s failure to notice large visual changes in the environment

61
Q

Primary effect

A

Refers to the better memory people have for items presented at the beginning of a list

Reflects long term storage

62
Q

Recency effect

A

Refers to the better memory people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list
Reflects short term storage

63
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Condition in which people lose the ability to access memories they had before a brain injury

64
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia ?

A

Condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories after experiencing a brain injury

65
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Type of explicit memory that includes personal experiences

66
Q

What is Semantic memory ?

A

Type of explicit memory that includes knowledge about the world

67
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do something at some future time

68
Q

What is memory bias?

A

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes

69
Q

Misattribtion

A

Occurs when we misremembered the time, place, person or circumstances involved with a memory

70
Q

What is thinking?

A

How we represent ideas in our minds, and how we use these ideas to solve problems and make decisions

Development Across The Life Span (1 decks)

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