Chapter 4 - Critical Care Concepts and Complex Health Issues Flashcards
What is right atrial (RA) pressure?
- preload
- the pressure in the RA reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump blood into the arterial system
- normal range: 2-6 mmHg
What is the central venous pressure (CVP)?
- preload
- reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart; a good approximation of RA pressure
- normal range: 2-6 mmHg
What is right ventricle (RV) pressure?
- indicates right ventricular function and general fluid status
- increased RVP may indicate pulmonary HTN, RV failure, CHF
- normal range: 15-30 mmHg (systolic); 2-6 mmHg (diastolic)
What is pulmonary artery (PA) pressure?
- reflects the BP in the pulmonary artery
- increased PA pressure can indicate a left-to-right shunt, PA HTN, COPD, PE, pulmonary edema
- normal range: 20-30 mmHg (systolic); 5-10 mmHg (diastolic); mean 10-20 mmHg
What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP/PAW)?
- preload
- measures the LV pressure when mitral valve is open
- high wedge pressure can indicate LV failure, mitral valve pathology, cardiac insufficiency
- normal range: 8-12 mmHg
What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
- afterload
- measures resistance of the systemic vascular bed to blood flow
- increased SVR can be caused by vasopressors, hypovolemia, or late septic shock
- decreased SVR can be caused by early septic shock, vasodilators, morphine, nitrates
- normal range: 900-1400
What is cardiac output (CO)?
- contractility
- the volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
- increased CO indicates high circulating volume
- decreased CO means a decrease in circulating volume or a decreased in the strength of ventricular contraction
- normal range: 4.8-6.4 L/min
What is cardiac index (CI)?
- contractility
- the amount of blood pumped per minute per meter square of body surface area
- normal range: 2.5-4.2 L/min
What is saturation of mixed venous oxygen (SvO2)?
- the estimate of the amount of oxygen returning to the cardiopulmonary circulation
- reflective of the patient’s ability to balance O2 supply and demand at the tissue level
- normal range: 70-75% (60-80%)
Hypovolemic shock - pathophysiology
- nothing to fill up the vessels
- most common form of shock in trauma
- multiple organ failure d/t inadequate circulating volume leading to inadequate tissue perfusion
Hypovolemic shock - common causes
- acute hemorrhage
- severe dehydration
- severe burns
Hypovolemic shock - cardiac pressures
- SBP: < 90 mmHg
- CVP: ↓ (not a lot of fluid returning to heart)
- PAOP: ↓ (nothing to fill up vessels & ventricles)
- CO/CI: ↓ (no fluid to circulate = no fluid to put out)
- SVR: ↑ (vasoconstriction as compensatory mechanism)
- SvO2: ↓ (not enough fluid to circulate and oxygenate)
Hypovolemic shock - treatment
- treat underlying cause
- volume replacement
- transfuse PRN
Cardiogenic shock - pathophysiology
- have enough fluid, just the pump isn’t working
- inadequate tissue perfusion secondary to a loss of contractile function; “pump failure”
Cardiogenic shock – common causes
- Acute MI
- Acute heart failure
- Dysrhythmia
Cardiogenic shock – cardiac pressures
- SBP: < 90 mmHg
- CVP: ↑ (fluid backs up)
- PAOP: ↑ (fluid backs up)
- CO/CI: ↓ (pump not working effectively)
- SVR: ↑ (not d/t vasoconstriction! Due to fluid backing up and putting pressure on vessels)
- SvO2: ↓ (not enough blood returning because you can’t pump it out and circulate it)
Cardiogenic shock – treatment
- Treat underlying cause
- Support cardiac output with inotropic agents
- Support oxygenation
Distributive shock – pathophysiology
- Vasodilation!
- Systemic event causes the loss of the normal responses of vascular smooth muscle to physiologic vasoconstrictive agents coupled with direct vasodilating effect
Distributive shock – common causes
- Septic shock
- Anaphylactic shock
- Neurogenic shock
Distributive shock – cardiac pressures
- SBP: < 90 mmHg
- CVP: ↓ (plenty of fluid but vessels are wide open so they seem empty)
- PAOP: ↓ (vessels don’t fill up)
- CO/CI: ↓ (fluid not returning back to heart because vessels are too wide)
- SVR: ↓ (vessels are wide open)
- SvO2: ↓ or ↑
Distributive shock – treatment of septic
• See later slides for full treatment
Distributive shock – treatment of anaphylactic
- Volume replacement
- Epinephrine (terminates anaphylaxis)
- Glucocorticoids (IV or PO) (extends life of Epi and suppresses inflammatory response)
- Antihistamines (suppresses inflammatory response)
Distributive shock – treatment of neurogenic
• Volume replacement followed by alpha antagonists
Septic Shock – pathophysiology
• A dysregulated response to infection resulting in severe vasodilation and a critical reduction in tissue perfusion leading to organ dysfunction