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Psyc 101 > Chapter 4: Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment.

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2
Q

waking consciousness

A

the state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert

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3
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

the state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness

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4
Q

circadium rhythm

A

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

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5
Q

hypothalamus

A

tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system
* suprachiasmatic nucleus – deep within the hypothalamus; the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep

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6
Q

microsleeps

A

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

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7
Q

sleep deprivation

A

any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

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8
Q

adaptive theory

A

theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

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9
Q

restorative theory

A

theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

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10
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

(brain wave patterns)

A

allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep **and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered **

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11
Q

rapid eye movement (REM)

(stages of sleep)

A

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream
* paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity)

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12
Q

NREM (non-REM) sleep

(stages of sleep)

A

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM

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13
Q

stages of NREM (non-REM) sleep

A

stage 1 - light sleep
* may experience hypnagogic images (vivid visual events) and hypnic jerk (knees, legs, or whole body jerks)

stage 2 - sleep spindless
* brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two

stage 3 and 4 - delta waves pronounced
* deep sleep – when 50%+ of waves are delta waves

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14
Q

REM rebound

A

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

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15
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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16
Q

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

A

occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep

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17
Q

night terrors

A

relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully

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18
Q

nightmares

A

bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

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19
Q

insomnia

A

the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep.

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20
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more

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21
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning
* cataplexy - sudden loss of muscle tone

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22
Q

freud

(dreams)

A

dreams as wish fufillment
* manifest content - the actual dream itself
* latent content - the true, hidden meaning of a dream

23
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

(dreams)

A

explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

24
Q

activation-information-mode model (AIM)

(dreams)

A

revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

25
Q

hypnosis

A

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

26
Q

4 elements of hypnosis

A
  • The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said.
  • The person is told to relax and feel tired.
  • The hypnotist tells the person to “let go” and accept suggestions easily.
  • The person is told to use vivid imagination.
27
Q

hypnosis as dissociation (theory)

A

hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden “observer” remained aware of all that was going on

28
Q

social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

A

theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

29
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

30
Q

tolerance

A

more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect

31
Q

withdrawal

A

physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems

32
Q

psychological dependence

A

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

33
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system

34
Q

amphetamines

(stimulant)

A

drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature

35
Q

cocaine

(stimulant)

A

natural drug
* produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

36
Q

nicotine

(stimulant)

A

active ingredient in tobacco

37
Q

caffeine

(stimulant)

A

the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over-the-counter drugs

38
Q

depressants

A

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

39
Q

barbituates

(depressants)

A

depressant drugs that have a sedative effect

40
Q

benzodiazepines

(depressants)

A

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress

41
Q

alcohol

A

the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter
* often confused as a stimulant but actually a depressant on CNS

42
Q

narcotics

A

a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins

43
Q

opium

(narcotics)

A

substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.

44
Q

morphine

A

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

(narcotics)

45
Q

heroin

(narcotics)

A

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

46
Q

psychogenic drugs

A

drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication

47
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality

48
Q

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A

powerful synthetic hallucinogen

49
Q

PCP

A

synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

50
Q

MDMA (ecstasy or X)

A

designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

51
Q

stimulatory hallucinogenics

A

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

52
Q

mescaline

A

natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons

53
Q

marijuana (pot or weed)

A

mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant

Psyc 101 (4 decks)

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