Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness and Language Flashcards
What is the Information Processing Model?
The study of cognition that looks at how our brains process and react to the information overload presented to us. The brain ranks importance of various stimuli below the level of conscious awareness.
What are the 3 steps in the Information Processing Mode,?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What is Fluid Intelligence?
Consists of problem solving skills.
What is Crystallized Intelligence?
More related to use of learned skills and knowledge.
What is Delirium?
Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused be medical (non-psychological causes).
*Rapidness/time course differentiates it from dementia
What are Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
What are the key features of the Sensorimotor Stage?
Focuses on manipulating the environment for physical needs; circular reactions; ends with object permeance.
What are the key features of the Preoperational Stage?
Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentricism, and centration.
What are the key features of the Concrete Operational Stage?
Focuses on understanding the feelings and manipulating physical (concrete objects).
What are the key features of the Formal Operational Stage?
Focuses on abstract thought and problem solving.
What does Problem Solving require?
Requires identification and understanding of the problem, generation of problem solutions, and evaluation of results.
What is a Mental State?
A pattern of approach for a given problem. An inappropriate mental state may negatively affect problem solving.
What is Functional Fixedness?
The tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem solving.
What are the 4 types of Problem Solving?
- Trial-and-Error
- Algorithms
- Deductive Reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules)
- Inductive Reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence).
What are Heuristics?
Shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions.
What are Biases?
Exist when an experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information.
What is Intuition?
A “gut-feeling” which can often be attributed to experience with similar situations.
What is Availability Heuristic?
Used for making decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.
What is Representative Heuristic?
Used for making decisions based on how much a particular item or situation fits a given prototype or stereotype.
What are Gardener’s 7 Areas of Intelligence?
- Linguistic
- Logical-Math
- Musical
- Visual-Spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
What is Consciousness?
One’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence.
What is Alertness?
The stats of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information. Beta and alpha waves predominate on electroencephalography (EEG)
What are the 6 Stages of Sleep? What are their corresponding EEG waves?
- Awake: Alpha and beta
- Stage 1: Theta
- Stage 2: Theta
- Stage 3: Delta
- Stage 4: Delta
- REM: Mostly Beta