Chapter (4) Chemical Composition Of Cells Flashcards
What does living organisms consist of?
⭐️💛* Living organisms consist of organic compounds that contain 6 elements of life: CHONPS
( they contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to CHONPS)
⭐️💛* All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules : Carbohydrates, lipids , proteins , and nucleic acids
Three of four classes of life’s organic molecules are :
Polymers
Are lipids polymers ?? 🫒
→ the forth class, lipids, are not polymers nor macromolecules.🤍🍰
→ fats & oils are not polymers but contain glycerol and fatty acids. They are repeated units but they are not the same monomers, also not big enough, so they aren’t considered as polymers.🤍🍰
Starch is a polymer of:
Glucose.
Proteins are polymers of:
Amino acids
What are reagents??
Reagents are chemicals that will be used to test for the presence of certain molecules.
Principle of reagents:
If a color change is observed, the test is positive, indicating that a particular molecule is present. If color change is not observed, the test is negative and the molecule is not present.
What is the definition of organic compounds?
Compounds that contain carbon atoms, covalently bonded to oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus
What are the large organic molecules or macromolecules or polymers?
They are molecules consisting of small molecules (monomers), joined in acid sequence 
What are the monomers of starch or glycogen or cellulose?
Glucose
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
Monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
The carbohydrate can be monomers or polymers
A) Monosaccharides: consist of simple sugars (the simplest carbohydrate) for example: glucose ,galactose , fructose
B) disaccharide: or double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides, joined by a covalent bond . For example.: sucrose, lactose ,maltose .
C) polysaccharides : are composed of many sugar building blocks, and they are considered as a macromolecules, for example, starch , cellulose , glycogen.
Depending on the location of the carbonyl group, monosaccharide, classified as:
1) Aldose : aldehyde sugar
2) ketose : ketone sugar
General information about lipids:
= they are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules.
= lipids share an important trait.They are hydrophobic.
= they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form non-polar covalent bonds.
= there are three types of lipids that are most biologically important : Fats, phospholipids , and steroids.